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THE 



GAEDENEE'S 

MONTHLY VOLUME. 

K II 

THE APPLE; 

ITS CULTURE, USES, AND HISTORY. 



BY GEORGE W. JOHNSON, 

Author of " The Dictionary of Modem Gardening," " Gardener's 
Almanack," &c. ; and 

R. ERRINGTON, 

! 

Gardener to Sir Philip Egerton, Bart. 

VOL. I. — xo^t:mbe 

SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & CO., PATERNOSTER ROW. 

WINCHESTER: 
H. WOOLDRIDGE, HIGH-STREET. 



1847. 



Winchester: 
wooldridge, peinteb, high-street. 



THE^aPPLE. 



HISTORY. 

If popular language and the earliest products of the 
pictorial art v^eve admissible authorities, the apple 
would be the earliest fruit of which we have any re- 
cord, for they represent it as the cause of our first 
parents' fall. There is no foundation for such tradi- 
tion, however ; and as the Garden of Eden was pro- 
bably in some hot latitude, the fruit of the tree 
which was in the midst of the garden" reasonably 
may be concluded to have been some species not 
native of our European climate. It is quite true 
that, in our translation of the old Testament, both 
Solomon and the prophet Joel are represented as 
alluding to the apple-tree and its fruit, but it is more 
than doubtful whether that translation is correct. 
Dr. Parkhurst and other distinguished Hebraists 
consider that the tajopuach of the Jewish Scriptures 
is the citron, and not the apple ; and the terse epi- 
thets the sacred writers give to it are certainly most 
applicable to the former. It was a comirion object of 
cuhivation, a tree of the field" (Joel i. 12), which, 

B 



2 



in Palestine, tbe citron is, but the apple is not. It 
is a noble tree, lofty and evergreen, such as the poet 
might justly take as an emblem of a bridegroom. 
{Canticles ii. 3.) But not so the apple-tree, which 
is there of ill-growth and unproductive, or, to use 
the language of Dr. Russell, an eye-witness, it is 

very bad." {Natural History of Aleppo, 21.) 
Moreover, the fruit of the citron is juicy, refresh- 
ing, and fragrant {Card. ii. 5, vii. 8), and of a golden 
colour, as described in Proverbs xxv. 11. Then, 
again, the frequency of the citron, and its habit of 
growth and dense evergreen foliage, render it a more 
fitting shelter than that afforded by the apple-tree. 
{Cant. viii. a.) 

The mention made of the apple in the holy writings 
being so apparently erroneous, we are justified in 
considering that Homer affords us the first certain 
notice of the apple ; but he merely mentions it as a 
tenant, together with other fruit-trees, of the Garden 
of xilcinous. 

Descending to the time of the Romans, we find the 
apple, and several varieties of it, noticed by their 
earliest writers on the culture of the soil. Cato, who 
wrote more than a century and a half before the 
Christian era, describes three varieties of the apple ; 
one of which, the Quirinian, we may conclude derived 
its name from its first propagator. It would occupy 
more space than we can permit were we to even 



3 



merely glance over the directions given by Cato, 
Varro, Columella, and Palladius, for grafting and 
other portions of its cultivation. Much of their 
directions is very erroneous, but other parts of it are 
very correct, and may be adopted with advantage. 
It is not until we come to the time of Pliny that we 
find much relative to the biography of the apple, 
and then we obtain from his Natural History" 
many statements that are highly interesting. 

*^ There are many apple-trees," says Phny, in 
the villages near Kome that let for the yearly sum of 
2000 sesterses," which is equal to S12 10s. of our 
money ; " and some of them yield more profit to the 
owner than a small farm." There are apples," 
he continues, that have ennobled the countries 
from whence they came ; and many apples have im- 
mortalized their first founders and inventors. Our 
best apples will honour the first grafters for ever ; 
such as took their names from Martins, Cestius, 
Manlius, and Claudius." This author particularizes 
the quince apples, that came from a quince grafted 
upon an apple-stock, which, he says, smell like the 
quince, and were called Appiana, after Appius, who 
was of the Claudian house, and who was the first 
that practised this grafting. Some apples," says 
he, are so red that they resemble blood, whichas 
caused by their being at first grafted upon a mulberry 
stock." But of all the apples he mentions, Pliny 
B 2 



4 



says the one which took its name from Petisius, who 
reared it in his time, was the most excellent for eat- 
ing, both on account of its sweetness and agreeable 
flavour. He mentions nine-and- twenty kinds of 
apples as being cultivated in Italy at about the com- 
mencement of the Christian era. 

The practice of propagating the apple from seed is 
recommended by all the Roman writers we have men- 
tioned, and was continued to be advocated by other 
Geoponic writers of the western empire in the frag- 
ments of their works which have escaped to us. A 
practice thus advocated to be adopted in the culture 
of a hardy and favourite fruit readily accounts for the 
vast number of varieties of the apple that have arisen. 

No fruit-tree excels the apple in aptitude to give 
birth to seedling varieties ; and when we find that 
these have continued to be raised in most parts of 
Europe for some two thousand years, it is no w^onder 
that the number of recognized varieties amounts to 
more than 1400. It is certain, however, that the 
most ancient varieties mentioned in the above quota- 
tions long since have been obliterated. Even Pliny 
notices the decay of apple-trees in his time, and ob- 
serves that the apple-tree becomes old sooner than 
any ether, and that with old age the fruit becomes 
less, and is subject to be cankered and v/orm-eaten 
even while on the tree. {Book 16, c. 27.) 

Yv e quite agree with Mr. Knight, Dr. Marty n, and 



5 



other vegetable physiologists, in thinking that no kind 
of apple now cultivated appears to have existed more 
than two hundred years ; and this term does not at 
all exceed the duration of a healthy tree, or of an 
orchard when grafted on crab-stocks, and planted in 
a strong tenacious soil. From the description Par- 
kinson, who wrote in 1629, has given of the apples 
cultivated in his time, it is evident that those now 
known by the same names are different, and probably 
new varieties ; and though many of those mentioned 
by Evelyn, who wi^ote between thirty and forty years 
later, still remain, they appear no longer to deserve 
the attention of the planter. The Moil, and its suc- 
cessful rival the Redstreak, with the Musts and Gol- 
den Pippin, are in the last stage of decay, and the 
Stire and Foxwhelp are hastening rapidly after them. 
{Knight on the Apple, 6.) 

Except by some overwhelming convulsion — such as 
the Deluge — we believe that no species ever becomes 
extinct, but it is quite otherwise wdth varieties and 
hybrids. These, like all other devices of man, have 
their limited period of existence, beyond which by no 
ingenuity can it be protracted. Some authorities 
assert that grafting is a mode of thus protracting 
vegetable life, but from these we totally differ. It is 
happily quite true that grafting upon a young and 
vigorous stock imparts to the scion a supply of sap of 
which the parent stem is incapable, yet this failure is 



6 



only premonitory of the departure of power which 
will, after a transient increase of strength, occur to 
its removed member. Every subsequent scion, how- 
ever frequently, and whilst in apparent health, re- 
moved to another youthful stock, will be found to 
have a period of renewed vigour and productiveness 
of shorter duration than its predecessor. The Golden 
Pippin is occasionally quoted as a contrary proof : 
but this example has no such weight ; for, supposing 
that this fruit yet exists, still it has not passed the 
age beyond which the period of unproductiveness and 
death in the apple-tree may be delayed by grafting ; 
for we have no mention of this fruit that at all justi- 
fies the conclusion, that the Golden Pippin existed 
much more than three centuries ago. A Pearmain 
apple is mentioned in records as old as King John 
(a.d. 1205); but the Pippin is not noticed by any 
authority earlier than the reign of Henry YIII. 
(1509). Lambard mentions than Tenham, in Kent, 
famous for its cherry-gardens and apple-orchards, was 
the place where Richard Harris, or Haines, that 
king's fruiterer, first planted cherries, Pippins, and 
the Golden Renate. 

Supposing, then, that the Golden Pippin of our 
days is a genuine portion of the Tenham trees, handed 
down to us by successive graftings, yet still, though 
in extreme decrepitude, it has not exceeded the age 
assigned by naturalists as that beyond which the life 



7 



of the apple does not extend. But then another 
question will arise, supposing our Golden Pippin does 
not appear to survive the allotted period. Who v^^ill 
undertake to demonstrate that the Golden Pippin of 
Tenham still exists ? It is quite certain that a majo- 
rity of the apples for which the title of Golden Pip- 
pin is claimed have no pretensions to the distinction, 
and more than one old person with whom it was once 
a favourite fruit now declare that it is no longer ob- 
tainable. Be this as it may, even if the tree in ques- 
tion has not already departed, yet even those who 
maintain that it is still to be found lingering in our 
fruit gardens, acknowledge that it is in the last stage 
of decrepitude and decay : it is following the univer- 
sal law of nature ; no organized creature shall endure 
through all time. Grafting may postpone the arrival 
of death, as the transfusion of blood will revive for a 
while the sinking animal, but the postponement can- 
not be for a time indefinite : the day must come in 
both the animal and the scion, when its vessels shall 
be without the energy to propel or assimilate the vital 
fluid, though afforded to it from the most youthful 
and most vigorous source. 

The history of the apple in Britain is traceable to 
the earliest period of which we have any written re- 
cord. \Ye are even fully warranted in believing that 
this fruit was known and cultivated by the Britons 
before the arrival of the Romans upon our shores, 



8 



for in tlie Welcli, Cornish, Arraorican, and Irish lan- 
guages and dialects, it is denominated the Avail or 
Aball. The fruit therefore had a native name, from 
which our present name apple is evidently corrupted, 
and the Hcsdui, inhabitants of the modern Somerset- 
shire, appear especially to have cultivated this fruit. 
Their chief town even derived its name form the cir- 
cumstance of its being surrounded by plantations of 
the apple, for it was known as xlvallonia (Apple 
Orchard) when first visited by the Romans. Glas- 
tonbury stands upon its ancient site. {RicharcTs 
Chron, 19.) The cultivation of the apple was not 
confined to our south-western districts, for another 
town named after it, Avallana, was in the north of 
England, and in the course of the third century we 
have decisive testimony that the Roman settlers had 
introduced fresh varieties of this fruit, and that its 
cultivation had become so extended that large apple 
orchards had been made as far north as the Shetland 
Islands. (Solinus, cap. xxii.) Traces of ancient 
orchards are still existing in those high northern loca- 
lities, and one in the Hebrides, belonging to the Mon- 
astery of St. Columb, is described by Dr. "W^alker as 
having existed there, probably, from the 6th century. 
{Essays, ii. 5.) Others are mentioned by Camden 
and Leland. It is quite certain that in the middle 
ages the apple had become one of our staple vegetable 
products, for whenever the chroniclers speak of times 



9 



of dearth, apples are almost always mentioned as arti- 
cles causing distress by their scarcity ; and in the Re- 
membrance Office a M.S. exists in Henry the 7th' s 
(1485 — 1509) own handwiiting, in which he records 
that on one occasion apples were from one to two shil- 
lings each, a red one fetching the highest price. 

We haye now arrived at the era when our agricul- 
tural and horticultural literature commences, and we 
find that Fitzherbert, in his " Book of Husbandry," 
published in 1598, has many, and, in most instances, 
good directions for the culture of the apple. They 
are, unlike the works of his contemporaries and im- 
mediate successors, the evident result of experience, 
and not mere translations from the classic Geoponic 
writers. Thus, on grafting the apple, he says, 
" Graft that which is got of an old apple-tree first, 
for that will bud before the graft got on a young 
apple-tree late grafted in. For all manner of apples 
a crab-tree stock is good, but the apple-tree stock is 
much better." 

The varieties of the apple had now largely in- 
creased, for Dodoens, writing in 1583, says they were 
so numerous that it is not possible, neither neces- 
sary, to number all the kinds." 

Gerard, writing of this fruit in his " Herball," 
during 1597, also speaks of the infinite varieties of 
the apple, but seems to attribute the variation much 

to the soil and cUmate." Kent," he goes on to 



10 



say, " doth abound in apples of most sorts. But I 
have seen in the pastures and hedge-rows about the 
grounds of a worshipful gentleman dwelling two miles 
from Hereford, called Mr. Roger Bodnome, so many 
trees of all sorts, that the servants for the most part 
drink no other drink but that which is made of the 
apples. The quantity is such that the parson hath 
for tithe many hogsheads of syder. The hogs are 
fed with the fallings, which are so many that they 
will not taste of any but the best.'^ Though the va- 
rieties were so numerous, Gerard gives drawings of 
but six, which we may presume were the most in 
favour, and were the Pome-water, Baker' s-ditch. King 
Apple, Queening or Queen Apple, Sumimer Pearmain, 
and Winter Pearmain. Heresbach, who wrote a little 
earlier (1570), says the " cheefe in price' ^ were the 
Pippin, the Romet, the Pome-royal, and the Marli- 
gold. 

Sir T. Haumer, writing about the year 1660, says 
the principle apples were Summer Pepin, Holland 
Pepin, Russet Pepin, Kentish Pepin, the best sup- 
posed in England, Russeting, GilUflower, Muscadine 
Queen, John Apple, King Apple, Golden Reinette, 
the Royal, Hollow-crowned, and Common Pearmains, 
Old Wife, Nonesuch, Figg Apple ; all these are sold 
at 8d. the tree, except the Figg Apple, which is 5s." 
{Gard. Chron, 1843, 84 L) 

We have already noticed the Golden Pippin and its 



11 



probable age, and we mention it again to obserre that 
it is said to be a native of Sussex, and to have been 
first reared at Barham Park, situated on the north 
side of the South Downs. The Dutch acknowledged 
it to be an English apple in their catalogue of fruits, 
where it is called the Engelsche goud Pepping/' 
The French call it Pippin d'Or/' which is a trans- 
lation of the English name. Worlidge notices the 
Golden Pippin, and says, it is smaller than the 
Orange-apple, else much like it in colour, taste, and 
long-keeping/' Evelyn observes, in his Diary, 22nd 
October, 1685, that " at Lord Clarendon's seat at 
Swallowfield, Berks, there is an orchard of 1000 
Golden and other cider Pippins." Catherine, Em- 
press of Russia, was so fond of this apple, that she 
was regularly supplied with it from England ; and in 
order that she might have it in the greatest perfec- 
tion, e?.ch apple was separately enveloped in silver 
paper before it was packed. (FhiUijJs' History of 
Fruits, 34.) 

We have already noticed the early existence of 
apple orchards in the south-west of England, and we 
must not close this section without some further re- 
marks upon that great cider district. Evelyn says 
that Herefordshire alone, in his time, was known to 
produce annually 50,000 hogsheads of cider, and, 
proceeding to remark on some of the apples employed 
in its manufacture, states that the Eedstreak was a 



12 



pure wilding, and within the memorr of some then 
(1676) living was named the Scudamore's Crab, and 
not much known save in the neighbourhood. It is 
to the perseverance of Lord Scudamore, thus com- 
memorated, that the orchards in that district are in- 
debted for some of their best varieties. He was our 
ambassador to the court of France durinor the reim 
of Charles L, and he lost no opportunity of collecting 
scions of the best apples he heard of on the continent, 
and transmitting them to his west-country estates. 

Since then, Mr. Knight and many others have 
laboured most assiduously for the improvement of 
our cider fruits, but with comparatively little benefit. 
It is in vain that efforts are made to improve the 
varieties of our apples if the orchardist does not take 
commensurate pains to cultivate them carefully, ^'e 
fear that that, too generally, is not the case, but that 
the following sketch of west-country orcharding is far 
too near to accuracy. It is from the pen of one of the 
best practical gardeners of the day, and we hope the 
satire may induce amendment rather than indignation 
at the exposure. 

The trees are planted, to a large extent, apparently 
without considering what sort of soil or situation is 
best, and without making any previous preparation ; 
a situation is chosen, a pit is dug with a curious 
clumsy bit of iron, having a large socket-hole at one 
end of it, in which is driven a large strong pole, which 



13 



answers for a handle ; it is worked with both hands 
over one knee ; the depth that the roots are buried 
does not seem to be of any moment, provided the 
trees are firmly fixed, so as to prevent the wind from 
driving them down. I have never observed any 
pruning performed, except such as is done by bul- 
locks, horses, donkeys, &c. ; and as I have not observed 
any horse-ladders" here in use, of course the pruning 
is not very effectively performed about the top part of 
the very lofty trees. The only digging or stirring the 
surface of the ground among the trees that I have 
observed is done by pigs, which are occasionally 
allowed to rove in some orchards at certain seasons of 
the year, with the rings taken from their snouts. In 
a moist season these intelligent animals occasionally 
turn up the ground in a tolerably regularly manner ; 
and where this is the case the good effects of their 
industry are obvious. However, it is only on rare 
occasions that they are allowed to perform this sur- 
face operation. The animals that do the pruning are 
the principal business-performing creatures, as, in 
addition to that operation, they tread down the under 
crop of grass, weeds, and other rubbish, take the fruit 
to the cider-mill, and the cider to the consumer ; 
besides, on rare occurrences, a little manure is con- 
vejed by them, and placed over the roots, close to the 
trunks of the trees ; it is sometimes, although rarely, 
placed at the great distance of three or four feet from 



14 



the trunk. Bipeds, notwithstanding, perform some of 
the most interesting and essential parts, such as 
planting, collecting the fruit, consuming it in part, 
and assisting in making the cider ; together with 
shooting at the trees annually on Old Twelfth-night. 
Let it rain, hail, blow, or snow, this very essential 
and interesting ceremony is always commenced at 1 2 
o'clock at night, a tremendous fire being kept up for 
several hours afterwards. They repeat or sing the fol- 
lowing interesting song, with all the might which their 
lungs will permit. The juice of the fruit is generally 
made use of for many hours, pretty freely, previously 
to this interesting ceremony, so that a perfect ripeness 
of address and expertness in gunnery is the result. 
Guns and firelocks long laid by are on this remark- 
able occasion brought forward. The following is what 
I have heard sung on these occasions, although much 
more is added in some localities : — 

Here's to thee, old apple-tree, 
Whence thou mayest bud, and whence thou mayest blow ; 
And whence thou mayest bear apples enow ; 

Hats full, caps fall ! 

Bushel, bushel- sacks full ! 

And my pockets full too ! 
If thee does not bear either apples or corn, 
We'll down with thy top, and up with thy horn." 

(Here the natives shoot at the tree.) 
Not being acquainted with the custom here on the 



15 



first Old Twelfth-night, I must acknowledge that I 
was somewhat alarmed at such a continual loud and 
rattling report of fire-arras in every direction, living 
as I did in a rather retired spot, away from any other 
residence. It was a cold, gloomy, dark, and still 
night, and being suddenly awoke by the loud reports 
of fire-arms, I could not guess the meaning of it at 
that untimely hour. I imagined at first that it was 
an affray with gamekeepers and poachers, or with 
smugglers and blockade-men ; and, suddenly hearing 
a shrill vacant kind of hallo in a plantation close by, 
I fancied at first that it was some poor fellow who had 
been wounded in the affray : on getting up, however, 
I found that it was a couple of owls answering each 
other; they were as happy as could be, and the firing, 
1 soon found, was in no particular spot, but went pop, 
bang, east and west, north and south. On making 
an early inquiry next morning, I was informed that it 
was the yearly custom. The apple-trees, with few 
exceptions, are entirely left to nature, consequently 
they are entirely covered from top to bottom with 
long moss and lichens ; the wood and branches are as 
thick as those of a weeping-willow ; the fruit is gene- 
rally very small and corey. The varieties are not 
numerous : they seem all in this locality to cultivate 
the same kinds. I have sometimes thought other 
good sorts could be beneficially cultivated — some of 
the large, free-bearing, juicy varieties, such as the 



16 



Hawthornden, Keswich Codling, Kentish Beauty, 
Kentish Fill-basket, &c. When I make mention of 
those sorts, and a number of others, I am always in- 
formed that they will not answer hereabouts, although 
I have never met with one person that has ever at- 
tempted, or that had ever heard of any one else at- 
tempting to introduce them! I should be rather 
inclined to think that those large juicy kinds, cultivated 
for mixing with the little Bitter-sweets, would not be 
amiss, although I dare say, under the present system 
of cultivation, they would not be produced very large 
or juicy. The leaves of the trees show great poverty ; 
they are small, thin, and are not much larger than 
damson leaves ; they turn yellow, and fall off in some 
localities long before the fruit has arrived at perfec- 
tion ; and the abundance of long moss and lichen, in 
my opinion, to a certain extent indicates poverty. 

"I will here attempt to describe three different 
orchards, under the management of three different 
persons. The first is an orchard of above 12 acres 
in size; the owner never digs, manures, or prunes 
himself, but leaves those operations to be performed 
by his cattle ; he does not allow pigs to run in his 
orchard, therefore he has no digging done ; and the 
consequence is, that he does not get a tree to bear 
fruit once in seven years. He lately informed me 
that he should not have apples enough this autumn to 
make four hogsheads of cider ; that the seasons were 



17 



now so unfavourable he could get no apples, and 
were it not for the grazing for his cattle underneath 
the trees, he should have no return, which was now 
become a very poor one. I asked him why he did 
not manure the trees. In reply, he observed, that they 
have all that the cattle make among them ; he did not 
mow, or carry anything away from them. The se- 
cond is a small orchard about one acre in extent, the 
owner of which manures about his trees every season ; 
here, however, there is no digging done. The trees 
are healthy, they grow and make wood, and produce 
large thick and dark-green leaves and strong buds ; 
they are not so thickly covered with moss and lichen, 
and rarely fail to bring forth a heavy crop of good 
fruit. This person's cider is much sought after, being 
good, and of course of more value. He makes a larger 
quantity of cider than the person mentioned above 
with his 12 acres. The last is a small orchard held 
by another individual, who keeps no other cattle besides 
pigs, which are allowed to rove at freedom about the 
orchard, and as the rings are taken out of their snouts 
in autumn, when the ground is nicely softened by the 
rains, and the worms are working near the surface, 
those worthy animals rout and turn up the surface 
in a tolerably regular way. From the digging and 
manuring by the pigs, and from what the holder can 
muster, this is the best bearing, healthy, orchard in 
the district. It produces the best cider and the least 

c 



18 



moss and lichen. This shews how heneficial a little 
surface-stirring, with the addition of a little manure? 
is. A considerable quantity of cider made and con- 
sumed hereabouts is very poor ; the visages of the men 
who are in the constant habit of drinking it are sallow 
and wrinkled.'^ {Gard, Chron. 1844, 636.) 

The criticism, of course, falls harmless upon some 
orchardists, whose practice offers a striking contrast to 
that of their more ignorant and careless neighbours ; 
and to these we would add this warning, that, beyond 
all doubt, their ill-cultivation occasions the early de- 
crepitude of good varieties, and the frequent occurrence 
of failing crops, far more than any ungenial vicissitudes 
of our climate, or any other natural causes. 



BOTANICAL CHARACTEHS. 

Pyrus malus, the apple, belongs to the Icosandria 
Pentagynia class and order of Linnaeus, and to the 
Rosaceae of the natural system. The generic charac- 
ters are. Petals flat and spreading ; Styles five, some- 
what united at the base ; Pome usually globose and 
depressed, always umbilicate at the base ; Footstalks 
simple, umbellate ; Leaves simple, glandless. 

The specific characters are, Leaves ovate or elliptic, 
acute, serrated, clothed beneath with white down, as 
well as on the calyxes, petioles, and footstalks ; 
Flowers corymbose ; Styles glabrous. 



19 



It is found wild in every part of the British isles 
and in most parts of Europe. In its cultivated 
forms, the leaves become larger, more downy, and 
thicker ; the tree larger and more robust ; and the 
fruit finer both in size, flavour, and beauty. 

The first fruitful age of the wild apple or crab is 
usually from eight to ten years, but the periods which 
seedling apple-trees require to attain sufficient matu- 
rity to produce fruit appear to admit of much more 
variation. Some do not produce blossoms till they 
are sixteen years old ; others have blossomed in the 
ninth and tenth year ; and a few have been known to 
produce fruit at only five years old. These are very 
extraordinary instances of early maturity ; Mr. 
Knight having two only thus precocious in m*ore than 
twenty thousand seedling trees that came under his 
observation. {Knight on the Apple, 14.) 

The apple-tree has many things in common with 
the pear-tree, but the leaf is more shortly mucronate, 
less manifestly serrate, and subhirsute underneath. 
The flowers tinged with red, and smelling very sweet. 
The peduncle shorter. The stamens usually from 19 
to 25 (in the pear 22 : Pollich assigns 1 9 as the 
limit in the apple, 21 in the pear). The fruit round, 
hollowed at the peduncle, depressed at top, less as- 
tringent but more acid than the pear, and of a softer 
texture. The apple has wood threads passing through 
it from the peduncle, ten of which are regularly dis= 



20 



posed round the capsules^ and tend to the calyx. It 
is said that the fruit rots when these are broken. 
The pear also has them, but they are not so distinct 
on account of the calculary or stony congeries. In 
the apple they are placed very regularly, one at the 
point of each cell of the capsule, and one in the mid- 
dle between the other five. They are very apparent 
on a transverse section of the fruit. The cells are 
differently shaped in the two fruits : in the apple 
they are narrow and pointed at both ends ; in the 
pear they are obvate, broad exteriorly, and drawing 
to a point at the end next the centre of the fruit. 
The pear, however it may vary in shape, size, colour, 
taste, &c., by cultivation, is generally convex and 
lengthened out at the base ; whereas in the apple it 
is always concave there. Besides this, the leaves of 
the apple are commonly wider in proportion to their 
length, of a yellower green above, and whitish under- 
neath ; whereas in the pear they are dark green 
above, and quite smooth on both sides : their vascular 
system is very different, being very loose in the apple, 
and very close in the pear ; hence the leaves of the 
latter are much stouter and more permanent. Lastly, 
the growth of these trees is quite different ; the pea? 
being lofty and upright, the apple low and spreading. 
{Martyris Miller's Diet.) 



21 



CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. 

M. Payenstecher observes that the fruit of neither 
pears nor apples assume a blue colour when treated 
with iodine, shewing that they do not contain 
starch. It is obvious, from the black colour struck 
when they are cut with a knife, that they contain 
also tannin, or gallic acid, or both. They contain 
likewise pectic acid and malate of potash. The fer- 
mented juice of apples is called cider. It is specifi- 
cally heavier than water, assumes a brown colour 
when concentrated by evaporation, and deposits a 
blackish-brown powder, and leaves a thick brown 
syrup. Cider contains alcohol, incrystallizable sugar, 
gum, extractive, malic acid, bimalate of potash, ma- 
late of lime, a trace of phosphate of lime, and of sul- 
phates and muriates. {Thomson s Vegetable Chem, 
892.) 

Mr. Solly has made some slight examinations of 
several varieties of the apple, the results of which 
appear in the following table. The column exhibit- 
ing the quantity of organic matter in each may be 
considered, probably, as a true statement of their re- 
lative nutritive qualities. In which case the Golden 
Harvey is the most nutritious, and the Court of Wick 
the least so. 



22 





Water. 


Organic 
matter. 


Inorganic 1 
matter. 


Inorganic 
matter in 
dry plant. 


Apple . . . . blossoms 


8424 


1478 


98 


627 


Dutch Mignonne, small 










unripe 


8972 


978 


50 


487 


— — ' Do. . . . . ripe 


8559 


1420 


21 


151 


Court of Wick^ small 










unripe 


8839 


1114 


47 


411 


Do. . , . . ripe 


8525 


1438 


37 


252 


Nonpareil . . ripe 


8012 


1961 


27 


140 


Ribston Pippin . . ripe 


7905 


2051 


44 


214 


Golden Pippin^ seedling 


8024 


1929 


47 


241 


■ Wellington ripe 


8376 


1595 


29 


184 


— — Blenheim Pippin ripe 


8486 


1491 


23 


157 


Golden Harvey . . ripe 


7825 


2140 


35 


162 


— — Golden Reinette ripe 


8399 


1578 


23 


146 


Canada Reinette ripe 


8489 


1481 


30 


198 



{Trans. Hort. Soc. iii. 62, N.S.) 



The ashes of the wood of the apple-tree have been 
analysed by MM. Fresenius and Will, and they found 
them to be thus constituted : — • 



Potash .... 


. 13.67 


Soda ..... 


. 0.32 


Chloride of sodium (common salt) 


. 0.32 


Lime ..... 


. 45.19 


Magnes^ia .... 


. 5.30 


Phosphate of iron 


. 1.71 


Silica ..... 


. 0.93 


Sulphuric acid 


. 0.66 


Phosphoric acid . 


, 2.95 


Carbonic acid . . 


. 24.18 


Carbon and sand . 


. 2.03 


Loss . . . . 


. 2.74 




100.00 



23 



The acids were, of course, combined with the potash, 
soda, lime, and magnesia, in the form of sulphates, 
phosphates, and carbonates. 



VARIETIES.* 

Aagtje Rouje Nova, — Red, conical, very large, kit- 
chen ; November to January. 

Ackmore, — Green and red, conical, middle-sized, 
table, second-rate; December and January. 

Adam, D' (Seigeneur rouge). — Red, ribs very pro- 
minent, middle-sized, cider ; November to January. 

Admiral Duncan, Newhold's, see Rymer. 

Adam's Apple. — Darkish red, oblong, middle-sized, 
indifferent ; December to January. 

Avent, D. 

Agat Rouge, — Streaked, ovate, small, indiflPerent 
or bad ; December ; of no value. 

Agathe Grise. — Palish yellow, ovate and oblong, 
middle-sized, indifferent ; December. 

Alb an. — Greenish red, round, middle-sized, cider ; 
December. 

Alcester Seedling. 

Alder st on Pippin. — Palish yellow, ovate, small, 
table, second-rate ; August. 

Alexander (Emperor Alexander, Russian Emperor, 
Aporta) . — Streaked, conical, large, kitchen, first-rate, 
September to December ; moderate bearer, large and 
handsome. A Russian apple. 

Alfriston (Newtown Pippin of many. Lord Gwy- 
dyr's Newtown Pippin, Baltimore of some, Oldaker's 
New). — Greenish yellow, roundish, large, first-rate; 
November to April ; a valuable kitchen apple. 

* Authorities — Catalogue of Fruits in Hort. Soc. Garden; 
Lindley^s Guide to the Orchard^ 8iC, 



24 



Al thorp Pippin, see Marmalade. 

American Mammoth^ see Gloria Mundi. 

American Feach, — Reddish yellow, roundish, mid- 
dle-sized, second-rate ; September. 

American Peach, see Pigeonnet. 

A^nerican Pippin. — Greenish red, round, middle- 
sized, kitchen ; January to Jul} ; one of many having 
this vague name. 

American Plate, see Golden Pippin, 

Amerique D\ see Noir. 

Ange, D'.— Green, roundish, small, cider ; October. 

Angleterre, I)\ Grosse, see Reinette Wahre. 

Anglaise, see Reinette Jaune Sucree. 

Anis, B\ see Fenouillet Gris. 

Anis-seed (Rival Golden Pippin). — Greenish yel- 
low, oblate, small, table, second-rate ; October to 
January. 

Annette Black. — Darkish red, ovate, middle-sized, 
kitchen and table, second-rate ; November to January. 

Api Gros. — Oblate, middle-sized, kitchen, second- 
rate ; December to January. 

Api Noir. — Darkish red, oblate, small, indifferent ; 
October to iVpril. 

Api Panache (Panachee) . — ^Yellowish green, round- 
ish, small, indifferent ; October to December ; more 
curious than useful. 

Api Petit (Pomme Rose, Lady Apple of the xlme- 
ricans, Etoilee). — ^Yellowish red, oblate, small, table, 
second-rate ; October to April ; fruit very beautiful, 
but the tree is exceedingly subject to canker, 

Aporta, see Alexander. 

Arabian Apple, see Pigeon, 

Arley, see Wyken Pippin. 

Argentee Pi* Angleterre, 

Aromatic Pippin, 

Aromatic Pippin, Edmonston^s, see Kerry Pippin. 
Ashby Seedling. — Yellowish red, roundish, middle- 
sized, table, second-rate ; December to January. 



25 



Ashmead^s Kernel, — Yellow, oblate, middle-sized, 
table, first-rate ; November to May. Raised by Dr. 
Ashmead, of Ashmeads, Gloucestershire. 

Ashstead Park. 

Astents, D' (Streifling d'Hiver). — Green-streaked, 
roundish, middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ; Novem- 
ber to March. 

Astrachan Red. — Red, conical, middle-sized, table, 
second-rate ; August to September. Introduced from 
Sweden in 1816. 

Astrachan White (Pyrus Astracanica, Pomme 
d' Astrachan, Transparent de Moscovie, Glace de Ze- 
lande). — Palish yellow, conical, middle-sized, table, 
first-rate ; August to September ; good bearer. In- 
troduced from Russia ; said to grow wild near Astra- 
chan. 

Assy, D\ Grosse, 

Angusceble, 

Aunt's Apple. — Streaked, roundish, large, kitchen, 
second-rate ; November to ]\Iarch. 

Aurore, see Golden Reinette. 

Autumn Bough, see Large Yellow Bough. 

Avant Tout, see Summer Stibbert. 

Baines's. — Streaked, oblate, middle-sized, kitchen 
and table, second-rate ; November to March ; Ribston 
Pippin flavour, but not so rich. 

Bailed' s Favourite. 

Balderston Seedling. — Streaked, conical, second- 
rate ; October to November. 

Baldwin (Red Baldwin, Butter's, Woodpecker). — 
Greennish red, roundish oblong, large, kitchen, first- 
rate ; November to April. 

Be Bale. 

Balehorodova. — Palish yellow, ovate, large, indif- 
ferent ; August ; of no merit in this climate. 
Balgone Pippin, see Golden Pippin. 
Balgowan* 



26 



Balmanno Pippin, — Greenish brown, roundish, 
ovate, large, table, second-rate ; October to December. 

Baltimore, — Large, flat, brown-coloured and russet, 
middle quality. Raised by a Mr. Smith, at Balti- 
more. 

Baltimore (of some), see Alfriston and Gloria 
Mundi. 

Bamporta, Barharin^ Be. 
Bardin^ see Fenouillet Rouge. 
Barossa, see Bourassa. 
Barrow Court Pippin, 
Barton's Favourite, 
Bascomhe Mystery, 
Basselanery Pippin, 

Bath, — Yellow, roundish, large, kitchen, second- 
rate ; November to December. 

Bay, see Drap d'Or. 

Bayfordhury Pippin, see Golden Pippin. 

Beachamwell (Beachamwell Seedling, Motteux's 
Seeding). — Yellow, ovate, small, table, first-rate ; 
December to March ; an excellent table fruit. Raised 
by J. Motteux, Esq., of Beachamwell, Norfolk. 

Bean, 

Beafs Pzpj9m.— Streaked, roundish, large, table ; 
November to January. 

Beaufin Millmount, see Norfolk Paradise. 

Beaufin, Norfolk (Cat's-head of some, Cat's-head 
Beaufin, Read's Baker). — Darkish red, oblate, mid- 
dle-sized, kitchen, first-rate; January to June; ex- 
cellent for drying, 

Beaufin, Suffolk, 

Beaufin, White, 

Beaufinette, — Red, oblate, large, kitchen ; Novem- 
ber to February. 

Beauty of Kent (Kentish Pippin of some). — 
Streaked, roundish, large, kitchen, first-rate ; October 
to February, 



27 



Beauty of Newark, Smithes. — Yellowish red^ ovate, 
middle-sized, table ; September to October. 
Le Beau Rouge, see HoUandbary. 
Beauty of the West, 

Beauty of Wilts, — Palish green, oblate, middle- 
sized ; November to December. 

Beauty of Wilts, Dredge's, see Harvey's Pippin. 
Beauty of the World. 

Bee de Lievre, — Yellow, ovate, middle-sized, indif- 
ferent ; October to November. 

Bedfordshire Foundling (Cambridge Pippin). — 
Yellow, roundish, oblong, large, kitchen, first-rate ; 
November to March ; very handsome, large and ex- 
cellent. 

Belin, Pomme de, see Court Pendu Musque. 
Belle Bonne. — Streaked, conical, middle-sized, kit- 
chen, first-rate ; November to April. 
Bel Ecossais. 

Belle Fille, see Reinette Grise. 

Belle Fleur. — Yellowish red, roundish, small, in- 
different ; November to December. 

Belle Fleur, Brabant. — Yellowish red, roundish, 
large, kitchen, first-rate ; November to April. 

Belle Fleur, Double. — Palish yellow, ovate, middle- 
sized, second-rate; December. 

Belle Fleur, Fgben. — Russet, ovate, small, second- 
rate ; November to March. 

Belle Fleur, Hollandische. — Green and yellowish 
red, oval, middle-sized, indifferent ; December. 

Belle Fleur, Westlandische. — Streaked, ovate, 
small, second-rate ; December. 

Belle Fleur de Stoffels. — Streaked, ovate, small, 
second-rate ; November to December. 

Belle Fleur Rouge. — Red, ovate, small, indifferent ; 
Decembar. 

Belle Fleur Yellow (Belle Fleur, Belle Flower).— 
Yellow, oblong, large, kitchen, second-rate ; Novem- 
ber to March, 



28 



Belle Flexi)\ Zoete, — Reddisli yellow, oblong, mid- 
dle-sized, second-rate ; December to January. 

Belle Hervy (De Jardy). — Green, roundish, large, 
kitchen, second-rate ; November to March. 

Belle de SenarcL 

BelVs Scarlefy see Scarlet Pearmain. 
Belledge Fippin, — Yellow, ovate, middle-sized, 
table, scond-rate ; November to March. 
Benliolm Pippin, 

Ben Lomond. — Greenish yellow, oblong, large, kit- 
chen ; October to December. 

BenneL — Greenish red, ovate, middle-sized, cider ; 
November to December ; a bitter-sweet. 

Benoni, 

Bentleher Rose. — • Red, calville- shaped, middle- 
sized, kitchen, indifferent ; October to December. 

BemvelVs Large, — Green, roimdish, large, indif- 
ferent ; December. 

Benzler. — Streaked, ovate, middle-sized, cider ; 
December to May. 

Bere Court Pippin . — Greenish red, ovate, middle- 
sized, kitchen ; September to October. Raised by 
Dr. Breedon, at Bere Court, Berks. 

Bess Pool (Best Pool) . — Greenish red, oblate, mid- 
dle sized, kitchen, second-rate ; December to April. 

Betsey. — YelloT\ish russet, oblate, conical, middle- 
sized, table, first-rate ; November to February ; ten- 
der juicy flesh. 

Beverly Red, 

Beurre a Cidre, — Yellow, ovate, small, cider ; De- 
cember. 

Binel, De. — Cider. 

Birmingham Pippin (Brummage Pippin, Grum- 
mage Pippin). — Yellow russet, round, table, first- 
rate ; January to June, Warwickshire apple. 

Birnforrniger, — Yellowish red, pear-shaped, mid- 
dle-sized, table, second-rate ; November to February. 



29 



Bishopstone Norman. — Green and yellowish red, 
round, ovate, middle-sized, eider. 
Bitter Sweet, — Cider. 

Bitter Sweet, Siberian, — Yellow, ovate, small, 
cider, first-rate ; September ; great bearer and excel- 
lent for cider. 

Bitter Sweet, White. Black, 

Black American, — Darkish red, roundish, middle- 
sized, table, second-rate ; November to December. 

Black Bess, 

Black Crab (Black Borsdorffer). — Darkish red, 
roundish, small, indifferent ; November to J anuary ; 
curious on account of its colour, in other respects 
worthless. 

Black Grove, — Greenish red, pear-shaped, middle- 
sized, indifferent. 
Black Pippin, 
De Blanc, 
Blanc Feuille, 
Blandarine, Bed, 

Bland Rose, — Yellowish red, roundish, middle- 
sized, table, second-rate. 

Be Blangy, — Yellow, ovate, small, cider ; October, 
Blenheim Crab, 

Blenheim Pippin (Blenheim, Blenheim Orange, 
Woodstock Pippin, North wick Pippin). — Yellow, 
roundish, large, kitchen and table, first-rate ; Novem- 
ber to February. Raised by a baker at Old Wood- 
stock. 

Blinkbonny Seedling, 

Blood Royal, — Darkish red, roundish, large, kit- 
chen, second-rate ; September to November. 
Blumensaur, 

Boatswain' s Pippin, see Queen Charlotte. 

Be Boeuf, — Green, oblate, middle-sized, kitchen ; 
December to January. 

Bogmiln Favourite, — Streaked, round, small, table, 
second-rate ; November to January. 



30 



Bois Panache, a.— Yellowish green, oblong, mid- 
dle-sized, kitchen ; October to November. 
Bellas ton Hill, 

Bonne de Mai, see Drap d'Or. 

Bonne Rouge, see HoUandbury. 

^c>?iz;2>r.— Streaked, 'conical, middle-sized, table, 
second-rate ; December. 

Bor&dorffer (Edler Winter Borsdorffer, Le Grand 
Bohemian Borsdorffer, Borstorffer, Reinette Batarde, 
Reinette Borsdorffer, Bursdoff, Winter Borsdorffer, 
Reinette de Misnie, King, King George, Queen's, Gar- 
ret Pippin). — Yellowish red, oval, small, table, first- 
rate ; November to March. A German apple, a great 
favorite with Queen Charlotte, who imported it in 
1761. 

Borsdorffer, Black, see Black Crab. 
Borsdorffer, Double. 

Borsdorff'er Ognoniforme, — Greenish red, oblate, 
small, table, indifferent ; October to January. 
Borsdorffer, Bother, 

Borovitsky. — Green-streaked, roundish, middle- 
sized, first-rate ; August. A Russian apple, raised 
in the Taurida Gardens, near St. Peter sburgh, early 
this century. 

Bossom. — Yellow, conical, large, kitchen, second- 
rate ; December to January. 
Bostock Orange, 

Bough, Large Yellow (Autumn Bough). — Yellow, 
roundish, large, kitchen, first-rate ; August. 
Bough Bed, Boxford, 

Brainge, — Streaked, J ovate, small, cider; Novem- 
ber. 

Brainton, Symonds's, — Yellow, roundish, middle- 
sized, cider. 

Branshy Pippin, Braziei^^s, 

Bourassa (Barossa). — ^Russet red, conical, middle- 
sized, kitchen and table, second-rate ; October to De- 
cember. 



31 



Bower. 

Brandy i see Golden Harvey. 

Braune MaL — Brown, oblate, large, kitchen ; De- 
cember to March. 

Braunschweig er Milch. — Pale yellowish red, round- 
ish, middle-sized, table, second-rate ; August. 

Brehis, — Yellow, roundish, small, table, cider, 
second-rate ; August. 

Breedon Pippin. — Yellow, oblate, small, table, first- 
rate ; October to November. Kaised by Dr. Breedon, 
of Bere Court, Berks. 

Brentford Crab, see Isleworth Crab. 

Bretagne, Be, see Beinette du Canada. 

Brickley Seedling. — Greenish red, roundish, small, 
table, first-rate ; January to April. 

Bridg ew at er Pippin. — Yellow russet, calville-shaped, 
large, kitchen, second-rate ; October to December. 

Bring ewood Pippin. — Yellow, oblate, small, table, 
second-rate ; January to March. Hybrid between 
Golden Harvey and Golden Pippin, raised by Mr. 
Knight. 

Broad End (Broading, Winter Broading). — Green, 
oblate, middle-sized, kitchen, first-rate ; November to 
January. A Norfolk apple. 

Broad-Eyed Pippin. — Yellow, oblate, large, kit- 
chen, first rate ; September to December. 

Brookes' s. — Yellow russet, ovate, small, table, first- 
rate ; September to January. 

Broughton. — Yellowish red, roundish ovate, small, 
table, first-rate; October to December. 

Brownite. — Streaked, oblate, middle-sized, indif- 
ferent ; December to January. 

Brown Apple of Bumf Island, see Spice x\pple. 

Brown Renting . 

Brown Spice, see Spice Apple. 

Brummage Pippin, see Birmingham Pippin. 

Buck's County (Solebury Cider). — Yellowish red. 



32 



conical, large, cider ; November to March ; great 
bearer. 

Brundahle, 

Buchannan, — Palish yellow, oblong, middle-sized, 
kitchen, second-rate ; September to November. 

Buchannan^s Long Keeper, — Yellowish green, 
round, middle-sized, second-rate ; January to April. 

BucMand, Devonshire (Lily Buckland, White Lily, 
Dredge's White Lily). — Palish yellow, oblate, middle- 
sized, kitchen, first-rate ; December to March ; good 
bearer. 

Buckland, Yellow, — Yellow, oblate, middle-sized, 
kitchen, indifferent ; December to March. 
Buffcoat, — Yellow russet, roundish, cider, 
^wmzer.— Cider. 

Bullock's Pippin, see Sheep's Nose. 

Burchan Minna, Bur gin. 

Burns' s Seedling. — Yellowish red, roundish, large, 
kitchen, first-rate ; October to January. 

Burnt Island Fippin, see Spice xlpple 

Burr Knot (Burr Apple) . — Yellow, roundish, large, 
kitchen, first-rate ; October to January ; strikes easily 
from cuttings. (See Oslin.) 

Busham, — Yellowish green, roundish, middle-sized, 
kitchen, second-rate ; December to March. 

Byre End. — Palish yellow, roundish, large, kitchen, 
second-rate ; December. 

By son Wood (Byson Wood Russet). — Russet, 
roundish, small, table, first-rate ; December to Febru- 
ary. 

Caldwell, see Rymer. 
Cadbury. — Yellow, conical, small, cider. 
Calabria Fippin, Calander, 
Calville, Autumn, 

Calville Blanche d'Ete (White Calville) .— Pahsh 
yellow, calville shaped, middle-sized, kitchen, second- 
rate J August to September. 



33 



Calville Blanche Hiver (Rambour a Cotes Gros 
of some). — Palish yellow, calville-shaped, large, kit- 
chen and table, first-rate ; January to April. 

Calville d' Angleterre, see Winter Queening. 

Calville Bosc, 

Calville Imperiale, 

Calville Kops. 

Calville, Large White. 

Calville Malingre, — Eed, calville-shaped, large, 
kitchen, first-rate ; January to April ; great bearer, 
and keeps well. 

Calville Normande (Malingre d'Angleterre). — Red, 
calville-shaped, large, kitchen, second-rate; January 
to March. 

Calville Pippin. 

Calville Bed (of some), see Pomme Violette. 

Calville Bouge Anjou Hiver. 

Calville Bouge d' Automne. — Red, calville-shaped, 
large, kitchen, indifferent ; October to November. 

Calville Bouge d'Ete (Calville d'Ete, Madeleine). — 
Red, calville-shaped, middle-sized, kitchen, second- 
rate ; July to August. 

Calville Bouge d' Hiver (Calville Rouge Couronnee, 
Red Calville). — Red, calville-shaped, middle-sized, 
kitchen, indifferent ; November to December. 

Calville Bouge de Micond. — Red, oblate, small, 
kitchen and table, second-rate ; July to November ; 
bears occasionally two crops a year. Originally from 
the Baroness Micond, raised at La Charite sur Loire. 

Calville Bouge de Pentecote. — Red, calville-shaped, 
large, kitchen, second-rate; January to April. 

Calville Bouge Precoce. — Red, calville-shaped, small, 
kitchen, indifferent ; August. 

Calville Boyale. 

Calville, White, see Calville Blanche d'Ete. 
Cambridge Pippin, see Bedfordshire Foundling. 
Cambusnethan Pippin (Winter Red Streak, Watch 

D 



34 



Apple). — ^Yellowish red, oblate, middle-sized, table, 
first-rate ; October to January, 

Cambridge Hive^ 

Cam House, 

Campagne Douce. — Russet, roundish, small, table, 
second quality; October to January. 

Campfield, — Yellowish red, oblate, middle-sized, 
cider ; December to January. 

Canadian Pippin. Canu, 

Caret's Seedling, see Pinner Seedling. 

Carle, Pomme, see Male Carle. 

Capucine de Tournay, — Yellowish red, calville- 
shaped, middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ; Decem- 
ber. 

Carherry Pippin, 

Cardinal Bouge, — Red, roundish, middk-sized, 
table, second-rate; November to January. 
Carnation, 
Carolina Pippin. 

Caroline, — Streaked, roundish, large, kitchen, first- 
rate ; November to February. Named after Caroline 
Lady Sufiield, of Blickling Hall, Norfolk. 

Carthouse, see Gilpin. 

Carree, — Pale yellow, oblong, small, kitchen, indif- 
ferent ; November to January. 

Carree Blanche. — Pale yellow, roundish, large, 
kitchen, second-rate ; November. 

Carse of Gowrie, Early, 

Carse of Gowrie, Late, see Tower of Glammis, 
Catline (Gregson, Catline of Maryland). — Yellow- 
ish red, oblate, small, table, second-rate ; October to 
December. 

Catshead (Costard, Coustard) . — Pale green, oblong, 
large, kitchen, second-rate ; October to January. 
This was a prevailing apple in the 16th century, so 
that dealers in apples were called costard-mongers^ 
now coster-monger. 



\ 



35 



Catsheady see Norfolk Beaufin. 

Catshead, Round (Tete du Chat, of J ersey) . — Yellow, 
roundish, large, kitchen, first-rate ; December to 
March. 

Cellini, — Greenish red ; oblate, middle-sized, kit- 
chen ; October to November. Resembles the None- 
such. 

Chalcomb. 

Chalmers's LargSy see Dutch Codlin. 
Chamceleon, 

Chance, see Reinette Jaune Sucree. 
Chappie. 

Charlamowskischer Nallivia. — Yellow, oblate, mid- 
dle-sized, table, second-rate ; October. A Persian 
apple, indifferent in this climate. 

Charlemagne. — Red, roundish, small, indifferent ; 
October. 

De Charles, Tomme, see Male Carle. 

Be Charlotte. — Green, oblate, middle-sized, cider. 

Chataignier. — Streaked, ovate, middle-sized, kit- 
chen ; two years ; contains a very strong acid. 

Chataignier du Leman, 

Chaudiere. — Green, roundish, small, cider. 

Chauffard. — Streaked, ovate, large ; August to 
September. 

Chelston Pippin, 

Cheese, Summer. 

Cheese, Winter. 

Chemise de Soie Blanche, — Pale yellow, roundish, 
middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ; January to April. 

Christie's Pippin. — Yellow, oblate, small, table, 
first-rate ; December to February. Subject to canker. 

Chuchet Egg. — Yellow, ovate, small, table, second- 
rate ; September. 

ChurchilVs Seedling. 

Cierge d'Hiver, — Green, conical, small, cider ; No- 
vember to December, 

D 2 



36 



Cit^'on, see Reinette Jaune Sucree. 

Citron des CarmeSy see Reinette Jaune Hative. 

Citron de Saint GalL 

Clammy. 

Claremont Pippin, see Easter Pippin. 

Cley Pippin, — Yellow, roundish, small, table, first- 
rate ; October to March. 

Claret, — Red, conical, middle-sized, kitchen ; De- 
cember to January. 

Coates's, see Yorkshire Greening. 

Clove Pippin, — Red-russet, oblate, middle-sized, 
table, second-rate ; August. 

Cluster Pijijpin, see Cluster Golden Pippin. 

Cluster, Streaky, 

Clydesdale, 

Cobham, — Greenish red, roundish, middle-sized, 
kitchen and table, second-rate ; November to January. 
Good bearer, allied to Ribston Pippin. 

Cob Thorn Greening, 

Coccagee. — Yellow, ovate, middle-sized, cider, first- 
rate ; October. One of the most esteemed old cider 
apples. 

Coccagee, New, 

Cockh Pippin (Nutmeg Cockle Pippin, Nutmeg 
Pippin, White Cockle Pippin). — Brownish yellow, 
ovate, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; January to April. 
Good bearer. 

Cockpit. — Yellow, roundish, middle-sized, kitchen, 
second-rate ; December to March. 

Codlemay, — Pale yellowish red, conical, middle- 
sized, second-rate. 

Codlin, Betley. — Yellow and brownish red, conical, 
middle-sized ; October to January. 

Codlin, Carlisle, — Yellow, conical, small, kitchen, 
first-rate ; August to December. 

Codlin, Clarke's, — Yellow, conical, middle-sized, 
kitchen, indifi"erent ; November. 



37 



Codlin, Butch (Chalmers's Large). — Yellow, round- 
ish, large, kitchen, first-rate ; August to September. 

Codlin^ French, — Yellow, conical, large, kitchen, 
second-rate ; August to September. 

Codlin, Kentish, — Greenish yellow, conical, large, 
kitchen, first-rate ; August to September. 

Codlin, Keswick. — Greenish yellow, conical, large, 
kitchen, first-rate ; August to September. Fit for 
use almost before any other, and good bearer. Raised 
near Keswick, in Cumberland. 

Codlin, Kilkenny, ^ — Yellow, round, large, kitchen, 
first-rate ; August to September. 

Codlin, Kinnoul, 

Codlin, Knight's, see Wormsley Pippin. 

Codlin, Mayiks (Irish Pitcher, Irish Codlin). — Pale 
yellow, conical, large, kitchen, first-rate ; August to 
October. 

Codlin, Nelso7i (Nelson, Backhouse's Lord Nel- 
son). — Greenish yellow, conical, large, kitchen; Sep- 
tember to October. 

Codlin, Old English (English Codlin). — Pale yel- 
low, conical, middle-sized, kitchen, first-rate ; August 
to October. 

Codlin, Round, 

Codlin, Royal, 

Codlin, Spring Grove, — Palish yellow, conical, mid- 
dle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ; July to September. 
Raised by Sir J. Banks early this century. 

Codlin, Tarvey, — Yellowish green, conical, large^ 
kitchen ; September to November. Raised from Manx 
Codlin seed by Sir G. I. Mackenzie, of Coul, N.B. 

Codlin, Tottenham Rark, 

Codlin, Transparent. — Pale yellow, conical, large, 
kitchen, September. Brought into notice in 1805 by 
T. Tompson, Esq., of Norwich. 

Codlin, Winter. — Green, conical, middle-sized, kit- 
chen, first-rate ; September to February \ great bearer. 



38 



Coeur cPAne, — Cider. 

Cceur de Boeuf. — Darkish red, calville-shaped, large, 
kitchen, second-rate ; November to December. 
Cceur de Pigeoriy see Pigeonet. 
Coing. 

Cole (Scarlet Perfome). — Red, roundish, large, kit- 
chen and table, second-rate ; August to September. 

Collin^ s Keeper. — Greenish yellow, roundish, large, 
kitchen; January. 

De Coloma, — Streaked, oblate, small, table, second- 
rate ; September. 

Colonel Harbor d's Pippin, — ^Yellowish green, coni- 
cal, large, kitchen, first-rate ; November to January. 
Raised by Col. Harbord, second Lord Suffield, of 
BUckling, Norfolk. 

Colonel VaugharC s. 

Compote, see Padley's Pippin. 

Concomhre Ancien. 

Concombre des Chartreux. 

Conquest Be Wigers. — Pale yellow, roundish, mid- 
dle-sized, table, second-rate ; January to March. 
Constanzer, Constant Bearer. 
Conway, 

Copmanthorpe Crab, see Dutch Mignonne. 

Coquerel Flat, — Cider. 

Corianda Rose, see Court-pendu Plat. 

Corlie's Sweet, Corn. 

Core, Common. 

Cornish Aromatic, — Russet red, roundish, large, 
table, second-rate ; October to January. 

Cornish Crab, Corse'' s Favourite. 

Corstorphine, — -Pale yellow, conical, middle-sized, 
second-rate ; September to October. 

Cos, Costard, see Catshead. 

Coul Blush, — Yellowish red, conical, middle-sized, 
kitchen and table, second-rate ; October. A good 
bearer. 



39 



Court-pendu Plat (Court-pendu, do. Extra, do. 
Plat Rougeatre, do. Rond Gros, do. Rond tres Gros, 
do. Rond Rougeatre, do. Rose, do. Musqiie, do. 
Rouge Musque, Corianda Rose, Pomme de Berlin, 
Carnon's Apple, Wollaton Pippin, Russian, Princesse 
Noble Zoete. — Darkish red, oblate, middle-sized, table, 
first-rate ; December to April ; an excellent bearer, 
blossoms late, and thereby generally escapes spring 
frosts. The name (Court-pendu) was given because 
the fruit, owing to its yery slender stalks, always 
hangs downwards. 

Court'penduy Ayrshire, 

Court-pendu Bore, see Golden Reinette. 

Court-pendu Gris, see Fenouillet Rouge. 

Court-pendu Noir. — Darkish red, round, middle- 
sized, kitchen ; December to March. 

Court-pendu Rouge, 

Court-pendu Rouge et Gris, 

Court of Wick (Fry's Pippin, Golden Drop, 
Knightwick Pippin, Wood's Huntingdon, Phillips's 
Reinette, Wood's New Transparent, Week's Pippin, 
Yellow.) — Yellow, oblate, small, table, first-rate ; 
October to March. A handsome regularly-formed 
dessert fruit of excellent quality. Raised from a 
Golden Pippin seed, at Court de Wick, in Somerset- 
shire. 

Court of Wic/c, Scarlet, 
Cousham, 

Coussinette, see Pigeonette. 
Coustard, see Catshead. 

Cow's Snout, — Greenish yellow, oblong, large, kit- 
chen, second-rate ; August to September. 

Craigie, — Green and brownish red, oblate, large, 
kitchen ; January to April. 

Cram Apple, 

Cray Pippin, — Straw-coloured, red on sunned side, 
below middle size, conical and rather angular, table. 



40 



first-rate; October and November. Raised in 1812 
by R. Waring, Esq., at St. Mary's Cray, Kent. 

Creighton. Crimson Pippin, 

Croft on. Early, see Irish Peach. 

Crofton, Scarlet (Red Crofton). — Brownish red, 
oblate, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; October to De- 
cember. An Irish apple. 

Crofton, White (White Summer Crofton, Early 
White Crofton). — Pale brownish red, oblate, middle- 
sized, table, second-rate ; October. 

Croom Pippin, — Yellow, roundish, small ; Decem- 
ber to January. 

Cumberen. 

Cu?nberland Pippin, — Palish green, calville-shaped, 
middle-sized, kitchen ; December. 
Cumberland Spice, Curtis, 
Custard, White, 

Cyder Sop, — Yellow and brownish red, roundish, 
ovate, middle-sized, cider. 

Dainty, see Hoary Morning. 

Damelot, — Yellow, roundish, small, cider ; Octo- 
ber. 

Bamelot Vert, — Green, roundish, middle-sized, 
cider; January. 

JDanziger KantapfeL — Darkish red, roundish, mid- 
dle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ; November to Decem- 
ber. 

Darleston Pippin, Davis* s Pippin, 

Darlington Pippin, — Green, oblate, middle-sized, 
second-rate. 

Delaware, see Trumpington. 

Deptford Inn, —Brownish red, roundish, small, 
table, first-rate ; November to January. 

Derbyshire,— Vd^Q yellowish red, ovate, middle- 
sized, kitchen ; November to March. 

Descibus, — Yellow, oblate, middle-sized, indifferent; 
November. 



41 



Besjean Muscat, — Tree cankers. 

Beiix Arts, Hunt's, — Green, conical, middle-sized, 
table, second-rate ; 2 years. 

Deux Ans, Hamhledon. — Greenish red, roundish, 
large, kitchen and table, first-rate ; January to May ; 
a valuable sort for sound keeping. 

Beux A71S, Somersetshire, — Reddish yellow, conical, 
small, cider. 

Beux Ans, Wickham's, — Green and yellowish red, 
roundish, middle-sized, table, second-rate ; January 
to May. 

Bevonshire Backers, — Streaked, ovate, middle- 
sized, table, second-rate; December to January. 

Bevonshire White Sour (White Sour, Dredges Early 
Summer). — Greenish yellow, oblate, small ; xlugust. 

Bewit, see Doctor. 

Biepe Kopjis, see Little Hollow Crown. 

Bevonshire Wilding, — Yellow, roundish, small, 
cider ; December to January. Very acid. 

Bickson's Greening, — Green, roundish, middle- 
sized, kitchen ; December to February. 

BimmocUs Red, 

Bockers Seedling. — Streaked, ovate, middle-sized, 
table, second-rate; November to January. 

Boctor (Dewit, White Doctor, Yellow Doctor). — 
Yellow- streaked, roundish, middle-sized, table, second- 
rate ; October to January. 

Boctor Harvey, 

Boctor Harvey (of some,) see Waltham Abbey 
Seedling. 

Boctor, Red, 
Bog's Snout, 

Bolgoi Squoznoi, — Pale green, pearmain-shaped, 
middle-sized, table, second-rate ; August. 
Bomine, 
Bominiska, 
Bonallan's Seedling. 



42 



Bonville. 

Doonside. 

Bore, 

Double Blossomed, 

Double Faradys, — Streaked, roundish, middle-sized, 
indifferent. 
Double Pepin. 

Double Rouge de Faradys, — Round, ovate, small, 
indifferent ; November to January. 

Double Sucre de Marseilles, — Russet, roundish, 
small, table, second-rate ; November to January. 

Double Bearing, 

Douce de Bolwiller, — Brownish red, pearmain- 
shaped, middle-sized, kitchen, cider, second-rate ; No- 
vember to December. 

Bouce Morelle (Peau de Vache). 

Bouxveret Gris Gros, — Greenish yellow, roundish, 
small, cider ; December. 

Bouxveret Bore, 

Boux Amer, — Pale yellow, roundish, small, cider ; 
December. 

Boux Chair, — Cider, 
Boux Eveque, — Cider. 
Boux a Laquet, — Cider. 
BouXy Le Gros, — Cider. 
Boux a Trochet, Gros, — Cider. 
Boux Saint Martin, — Cider. 
Boux Vernet, — Cider. 

Bownton (Knight's Golden Pippin, Elton Pippin, 
Elton Golden Pippin, Knight's Pippin, Saint Mary's 
Pippin) . — Yellow, roundish, small, table, second-rate ; 
November to January. Hybrid between Orange and 
Golden Pippins, raised by Mr. Knight. 

Bowell Pippin, — In form like Ribston, green rus- 
setted, table, first-rate; October to January. Raised 
in 1810 by R. Dowell, Esq., of Bray grove, Berks. 

Bownyy see Hoary Morning. 



43 



JDoxey. 

Doyenne. — Yellow, roundish, large, cider ; October 
to January. Acid. 

Brap (fOr (Bay Apple, Bonne de Mai). — Yellow, 
roundish, large, kitchen, second-rate ; October to 
December. Handsome, but proves of an inferior 
quality. 

Brap Or, see Reinette Jaune Hative. 

Bredge^s Beauty of Wilts, see Harvey's Pippin.^ 

Bredge's Early Summer,see Devonshire White Sour. 

Br edge's Emperor, 

Br edge's Fair Maid of Wishford, 

Bredge's Fame. 

Br edge's Lord Nelson. 

Br edge's White Lily, see Devonshire Buckland. 
Buke d'Arsel, see Old Nonpareil. 
Buchess of Hamilton. 

Buchess of Oldenhurgh. — Streaked, roundish, mid- 
dle-sized, table, first-rate ; September. Of Russian 
origin. 

Buchess of York's Favourite. — Yellowish red, 
oblate, small, table, second-rate ; November to Decem- 
ber. 

Butch Pippin. 

Buke of Beaufort's Pippin. — Streaked, conical, 
middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ; Oct. to December. 

Buke of Gloucester, Hunt's (Hunt's Nonpariel). — 
Russet, roundish, ovate, small, table, first-rate ; No- 
vember to March. Raised from a Nonpareil seed by 
Dr. Fry, of Gloucester. 

Buke of York's, Newbold's, see Rymer. 

Bumharton Pippin. 

Bumelow's Seedling. — Yellow and red, roundish, 
large, kitchen, first-rate ; November to March. An ex- 
cellent kitchen apple, not apt to shrivel, nor loose its 
briskness. Raised by Mr. Dumelow, nurseryman, 
Derby. 



44 



Duncan (Lord Duncan). — Yellowish red, roundish, 
middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ; October to Ja- 
nuary. 

Dundee, see Golden Reinette. 
Duquesnay, 

Dutch Mignonne (Reinette Doree of the Germans, 
Pomme de Laak, Grosser Casseler Reinette, Pater- 
noster Apfel, Stettin Pippin, Copmanthorpe Crab). — 
Yellowish red, roundish, middle-sized, kitchen and 
table, first-rate ; December to April. Great bearer, 
and of first-rate quality. A Dutch apple, imported 
about 50 years ago. 

Dwarf Apple of Armenia, 

Early Almond (White Codlin). 

Early Bowhill (Lucombe's Early Bowhill). 

Early Cleandrinking, 

Early Harvest (Prince's Harvest, Yellow Harvest, 
Large Early, July Early Pippin, Early French Reinette 
of the Americans). — Palish yellow, roundish, middle- 
sized, table, first-rate ; August. Flesh white, crisp, 
tender, with brisk rich flavour. 

Early Gowie, 

Early Julien. — Yellow, conical, small, table, second- 
rate ; August. A Scotch dessert apple. 
Early Marrow, 

Early Red, — Red, oblate, large, kitchen, second- 
rate ; September to October. 
Early Red Streak, 
Early Sweet Red Streak, 

Early Wax, — Yellow, oblong, small, table, second- 
rate ; August. 

Easter, White (Paasch Apfel). — Palish yellow, 
conical, middle-sized, kitchen and table, second-rate ; 
January to April. 

Easter Pippin (French Crab, Young's Long Keeper, 
Claremont Pippin, Ironstone Pippin) . — Green, round- 
ish, middle-sized, kitchen and table, second-rate ; 2 



45 



years. Probably a Frencli apple, but known in England 
full 50 years. 

Ecarlatine. 
D'Eclat, 

EdelKonig (Roi tres Noble). — Red, calville-shaped, 
middle-sizedj kitchen ; October to November. 

Edinburgh Cluster (Sir Walter Blacket's Favou- 
rite). — Yellow, ovate, middle-sized, kitchen, second- 
rate ; November to January. 

Egg, see White Paradise. 

Eikenhagar, Wilier s, 

Elizabet, see Golden Reinette. 

Eldon Pippin. — Yellow and brownish red, round- 
ish, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; January to April. 

D'Ete. 

Embroidered Pippin (Reinette Brodee). — Yellow 
and brownish, roundish, small, table, second-rate ; 
November to January. 

Emperor Alexander, see Alexander. 

Englise Pippin, see Golden Reinette. 

Enkhing. — Palish green and red, ovate, small, indif- 
ferent ; December to March. 

Enkhuizer Aagtie, Soete. — Yellowish red, ovate, 
middle-sized, second-rate ; October to January. 

Epine d'Ete. 

jy Espagne, see Reinette Blanche d'Espagne. 

Essex Pippin. — Yellow, round, small, table, first- 
rate ; October to February. Allied to the Golden 
Pippin. 

Evans'' s Valuable, 

Eve Apple (of Ireland), see Early Red Margaret. 
Eve Apple, see Trumpington. 
D'Eve, Pomme» 

Everlasting. — Streaked, roundish, small, indifferent, 
January to May. 
Everlasting Bearer, 

Eyelet, Yellow. — Pale yellow, oval, middle-sized, 
cider ; October to February, 



46 



Faaremules, 

Fail me Never^ see Margil. 
Fair Circassian, 

Fair Maid of France, — Streaked, roundish, mid- 
dle-sized, indifferent. 

Fair Maid of Taunton, — Yellowish red, ovate, 
oblate, small, table, second-rate ; November to Janu- 
ary. 

Fall Pippin, see Reinette Blanche d' Espagne. 
Fall Pippin, Cohhetfs, see do. 
Fall Pippin, Large, see do. 

Fall Pippin, Sudlow's, see Franklin's Golden Pip- 
pin. 

Fallawater, — ^Green and brownish red, conical, 
large, table and kitchen, second-rate ; January ; pos- 
sesses, in some degree, a Newtown Pippin flavour. 

Famagusta, 

Fameuse, see De Neige. 
Fame, 

Fanarike, — Green, ovate, middle-sized, indifferent. 

Farleigh Pippin, — Yellowish green, ovate, middle- 
sized, table, first-rate ; January to April. Obtained 
by Mr. Kirpe, from Farleigh, in Kent. 

FaHhing's Pippin, — Green, oblate, small, indiffer- 
ent ; November. 

Faros, Grand, — Yellowish red, oblong, large, indif- 
ferent ; November to January. 

Fa?*os, Gros (Faros). — Red, oblate, middle-sized, 
table, second-rate ; December to March. 

Faros, Petit, 

Faux Varin, — Cider. 

Fearn's Pippin (Ferris Pippin, Clifton Nonesuch) . 
— Red, oblate, middle-sized, table and kitchen, first- 
rate ; November to February ; a good bearer. 

Fenouillet Gris (Fenouillet d'Or Gros, Pomme 
d'Anis). — -Russet, roundish, small, table, second-rate ; 
January to April ; has a perfumed anise flavour. A 
French apple. 



47 



Fenouillet Jaune, Yellow Fenouillet. 

Fenouillet Rouge (Bardin, Court-pendu Gris, Fe- 
nouillet Gris of some). — Russet red, roundish, small, 
table, first-rate ; November to March. 

Fer, De, see Iron Apple. 

Feuille d^Aucuba. 

Figue, 

Figue sans Pepins, like Reinette Jaune Sucree. 

Finale, Po7nme, see Male Carle. 

Five Crown Pippin, see London Pippin. 

Five Pound, 

Flander Pippin. 

Flat Anderson, 

Flax. 

Fletcher's Kernel, — Yellow, roundish, middle- 
sized, table, first-rate ; November to January. 
Fletcher s Abingdon Pippin, 

Flower of Kent, — Greenish red, oblate, large, kit- 
chen ; November to January. 

Fleur de Praireal, — Yellow and green, oblate, mid- 
dle-sized, cider; November to January. 

Formosa Pippin, see Ribston Pippin. 

Fords Needling, 

Flower of the Town (Flowery Town, Red Streak 
of Blackhouse). — Streaked, roundish, middle-sized, 
kitchen, second-rate ; September to November ; in- 
different in quality, though a good bearer. 

Forest Pippin, — Yellowish red, ovate, oblate, mid- 
dle-sized, kitchen. 

Forman's Crew, — Yellow russet, conical, small, 
table, first-rate ; November to April ; very subject to 
canker. Raised by T. S. Forman, Esq., near Merthyr 
Tydvil, in Glamorganshire. 

Fouillety Be, — Pale greenish red, conical, large, 
kitchen ; January to April. 

Foxley, — Yellow, oval, small, cider. 

Foxley Pippin, — Orange, roundish, small, cider, 
table ; November to February. 



48 



Foxley Queening. 

Fox Wheljp. — Dark red, ovate, middle-sized, cider, 
first-rate. 

Framboise, — Streaked, calville-shaped, middle size, 
kitchen, second-rate ; November to March. 
Francatu, 

Franche Pepin, — Yellow, roundish, middle-sized, 
table, first-rate ; November to March. 

French Craby see Easter Pippin. 

French Crab, American (Metoisee). — Streaked, 
roundish, middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ; Decem- 
ber to April. 

French Pippin, see French Russet. 

French Sussex, 

Frequin Blanc. 

Fry's Pippin, see Court of AYick. 
Fulwood (Fulwood Green). 

Fuhvood Butch (LditQ Fulwood). — Green, oblong, 
large, kitchen, first-rate ; December to May. 
Fulwood, Early. 
Ganges. 

Garnon's Apple, see Court-pendu Plat. 
Garret Pippin, see Borsdorffer. 
G cache's Favourite, 
Geant. 

Gelee d'Ete. — Pale yellow, conical, middle-sized, 
table, second-rate ; August. 

General Wolf. — Brownish yellow and green, flat, 
conical, large, kitchen and table, second-rate ; Novem- 
ber to January. Resembles Beinette du Canada. 

George the Fourth, Burgess's. 

George the Fourth, Myatfs. 

Gestreifter Sommer Cousinos. 

Gestreifter Sommer Zirnptapfel. — Yellowish red, 
ovate, small, table, first-rate ; August to September. 

Giant. 

Gillijiower. — Streaked, roundish, middle-sized, kit- 
chen, second-rate ; October to February. 



49 



GiUiflower, Cornish (Cornish July flower, Pomme 
Regelans). — Dark-green and yellow, ovate, middle- 
sized, table, first-rate ; December to May. The best 
of apples, but a bad bearer. Discovered in a cottage 
garden near Truro about 1812. 

Gillifloicer, Summer (Summer July Flower, Rus- 
sian. — Streaked, roundish, large, table, second-rate ; 
September ; a great bearer. 

Gilpin (Carthouse) . 

Girdle/ s Large. 

Girkin Pippin, see "Wyken Pippin. 
Glace, De (Transparente). 

Glace Blanche. — Pale green, conical, middle-sized, 
cider ; December. 

Glace Rouge, see Barcelona Pearmain. 

Glace de Zelande, see AVhite Astrachan. 

Glammis Castle, see Tower of Glammis. 

Glasbury, Norman, — Pale yellow, ovate, small, 
cider. 

Gloria Mundi (American Gloria Mundi, New York 
Gloria Mundi, Glazenwood Gloria ^lundi. Monstrous 
Pippin, xlmerican Mammouth, Baltimore of some). — 
Greenish yellow, roundish, large, kitchen, first-rate ; 
November to January. 

Glory of Boughton, — Yellow, round, large, kitchen; 
October. 

Glory of England. 

Glory of the West, 

Glory of York, see Ribston Pippin. 

Gloucester, White, of Virginia. 

Gogar Fippin (Stone Pippin of some). — Pale green, 
oblate, middle-sized, table, second-rate ; November to 
March. A Scotch apple, from Gogar, near Edinburgh. 

Golde GridderUng . 

Golden Ball. — Yellowish red, roundish, large, kit- 
chen, second-rate ; August to September. 
Golden Burr, 

E 



50 



Golden Drop, see Court of Wick. 

Golden Drop, Coe's, — Yellow, ovate, small, table, 
first-rate ; January to May. An excellent dessert 
apple. 

Golden Harvey (Brandy). — Russet, yellow, round- 
ish, small, table and cider, first-rate ; December to 
May ; exceedingly rich. The original Harvey apple 
was green, and named after the celebrated Dr. Gab- 
riel Harvey. 

Golden Harvey, Pitmaston. 

Golden Harvey, Siberian. 

Golden Janet, 

Golden Knob, — Russet, conical, small, table, se- 
cond-rate ; December to February. 
Golden Mimdi, 

Golden Mundi, see Golden Russet. 

Golden Noble, — Yellow, round, large, kitchen, se- 
cond-rate ; September to October. Handsome. 

Golden Pippin (Old Golden Pippin, English Golden 
Pippin, Balgone Pippin, Balgone Golden Pippin, 
Milton Golden Pippin, Bayfordbury Pippin, Russet 
Golden Pippin, Herefordshire Golden Pippin, London 
Golden Pippin, Warter's Golden Pippin, American 
Plate, Pepin d'Or, Pomme d'Or, Koening's Pippelin, 
Reinette d' Angleterre). — Yellow, roundish, small, 
table, first-rate ; November to April. Requires a 
wall in most situations, and its superior richness 
deserves such protection. 

Golden Pippin, Boye/s, see Boyer's Russet. 

Golden Pippen, CamberwelL 

Golden Pippin, Cluster (Cluster Pippin, Turin 
Cluster Pippin, Thickset) . — Yellow, oval, small, table, 
second-rate ; November to March. Fruits often 
joined in pairs. 

Golden Pippin, Elford. 

Golden Pippin, Elton, see Downton. 

Golden Pippin, Franklin's (Sudlow's Fall Pippin). 



51 



— Yellow, oval, small, table, second-rate ; October to 
December. Good bearer. An American apple, raised 
early in this century. 

Golden Pippin, Hughe's (Hughe's New Golden 
Pippin). — Yellow, roundish, small, table, first-rate ; 
December to February. Deserves high reccommen- 
dation. 

Golden Pippin, Eirke^s, see New Golden Pippin. 

Golden Pippin, Knight's, see Downton Pippin. 

Golden Pippin, New (Kirke's Golden Pippin, New 
Cluster Golden Pippin, Dredge's Golden Pippin). — 
Yellow, roundish, small, second-rate ; December to 
March. A great bearer, but inferior in quality. 
Raised by Mr. Kirke, of Brompton Nursery, about 
1820. 

Golden Pippin, Rival, see Aniseed. 
Golden Pippin, New Taunton, 
Golden Pippin, Scarlet, 

Golden Pippin, Screveton, — Yellowish red, round- 
ish, small, table, first-rate ; November to April. 

Golden Pippin, Seedling, — Yellow, roundish, small, 
table ; October to February. 

Golden Pippin, Summer (Summer Pippin, of some) . 
— Yellow, ovate, small, table, first-rate ; August to 
September ; an excellent summer dessert apple. 

Golden Pippin, Tunhridge, 

Golden Pippin, Winyard, — Like the Golden Pip- 
pin, but not so rich. 

Golden Worcester, — Orange, roundish, middle- 
sized, cider ; December to January. 

Golding, Goodyear Pippin, 

Gooseberry. — Yellow, roundish, oblate, large, kit 
chen, first-rate ; November to August, 

Graafen, 

Grandessen, — Pale greenish red, ovate, middl- 
sized, second-rate; September; a sort of pigeonnet. 
Grand Sachem, 

E 2 



62 



Grange. — ^Yellow, roundish, small, second-rate ; 
October to February. 

Grange's Fippin, see Grange's Pearmain, 
Grauchy Aigre, — Cider. 

Grauch Douce. — Streaked, roundish, large, cider ; 
October to November. 

G?'avenstein (Grave Slije, Sabine of the Flemings). 
— Streaked, roundish, large, kitchen, first-rate ; Oc- 
tober to December. About a century old ; first raised 
at Gravenstein in Holstein. 

Great Milton Pippin, 

Greasley's Seedling, 

Green, — Green, round, middle-sized, kitchen, first- 
rate ; January to June ; keeps very sound ; less acid 
than the Easter Pippin or French Crab, but not so 
juicy. 

Green Balsam, — Yellowish green, roundish, mid- 
dle-sized, kitchen; December to January. 
Green Cosings, see Rymer. 

G7'een Everlasting, — Green, roundish, small, indif- 
ferent ; March to April. 

Green Eyelet, — Green, roundish, small, cider. 
Green Longlast, 

Green Pippin, Green Virgin. 

Gregaire, 

Greg son, see Catline. 
Grey House, see House. 
Grihble, 

Grimshaw's Crah. 

Grimsteen, — Yellow, conical, small, second-rate. 
Grise, — Green russet, roundish, table, first-rate ; 
November to March. 
Gros Binet, 

Gros Bondy, see de Rateau. 
Gros Bohu, 

Grosse Verte, — Green, roundish, large, kitchen ; 
October to February. 



53 



Grosse Bonne, 

Grosse a Cuire, — Yellow, roundish, middle-sized, 
kitchen ; November to February. 
Grosse Pomme Amerique, 
Grosse Pomme Noir d' Amerique. 
Grosse Pomme d^ Automne, 
Grosser Edler Prinzessin, 
Grosser Rheinischer Bohn ApfeL 
Grosser Wiener, 

Grummage, see Birmingham Pippin. 
Grunken Bergers KrachapfeL 
GMillot Roger, — Cider 

Grushovy Naliv, — Pale yellow, ovate, middle-sized, 
table, second-rate ; August. A transparent Russian 
apple. 

Halliday^s Pippin, 

Hall Door, — Yellowish red, oblate, middle-sized, 
table, second-rate ; December to March. 
HalVs Watlington Seedling, 
Hamilton Pippin, 
Hampshire Greening, 

Hampstead Sweeting, — Greenish yellow, ovate, 
middle-sized, cider. 

Hampshire Yellow, see King of the Pippins. 

Hampton Candied Heart, 

Hanging-down, — Cider. 

Hanovre, Be, see Pearson's Plate. 

Haggerston Pippin, — Greenish red, roundish, mid- 
dle-sized, table, first-rate ; November to April. 

Hanwell Souring, — Greenish yellow, conical, mid- 
dle-sized, kitchen ; December to March. Believed 
to have been raised at Hanwell, near Banbury. 

Hard Pippin, — Green and paUsh red, ovate, small, 
cider. 

Harrison, 

Harrison's Newark, — Yellowish red, conical, small, 
cider. 



54 



Harvey's Pippiriy Dredge's Beauty of Wilts. 
Harvey, Red, 

Hative Pomrne^ see Summer Stibbert. 
Haiitbois, 

Hans Muttei'chen, see Mere de Menage. 
Haute Bonte. 

Hawthornden (White Hawthornden, Red Haw- 
thornden).^ — Pale yellow, roundish, large, kitchen, 
first-rate ; October to December ; abundant and early 
bearer. The original tree is still at Hawthornden, 
near Edinburgh. 

Hawthornden, Irish, 

Haynes s Fippin, 

Hay's Early. — Yellow streaked, oblate, middle- 
sized, kitchen ; August. 
Heathfield' s French Apjple. 
Hehe, 

Heidelocher, see Hoskreiger. 
Herefordshire Goose, 

Herefordshire Monster, — Yellow, roundish, small, 
cider ; December. 

HesketKs Pippin, — Yellow, conical, large, kitchen, 
October to January. 

Be Herison, — Cider. 

Hen and Chickens, 

Henhouse. 

Henrfs Weeping Pippin, — Yellow, oval, small, 
table, second-rate ; December to February. 
Herbert Pippin, 
Hermitage Pippin. 
Be Heron, 

Hick's Fancy, see Early Nonpareil. 
Hieville Rouge, 
Hilling don Seedling, 

HiWs Seedling. — Pale green, oblate, large, kitchen, 
second-rate ; August to September. 
HimbeerapfeL 



55 



Hanherryy Pippin, see HoUandbury. 

D'Hiver, — Yellow, oblate, middle-sized, kitchen, 
second-rate ; January to April. 

Hoare^s Seedling, — Pale greenish red, roundish, 
large, kitchen ; December to January. 

Hoary Morning (Dainty, Downy, Sam Rawlings). 
— Streaked, roundish, large, kitchen, second-rate; 
October to March. A native of Somersetshire. 

Hogshead, — Greenish yellow, ovate, cider. 

HoUandbury (Hawberry Pippin, Howberry Pippin, 
Horsley Pippin, Le Beau Rouge, Bonne Rouge, 
Kirke's Scarlet Admirable). — Reddish yellow, round- 
ish, large, kitchen, second-rate ; November to J anu- 
ary ; handsome. 

Holland Kruger. — Yellow and greenish red, round- 
ish, middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ; December to 
February. 

Holland Pippin, — Yellow, roundish, oblate, large, 
kitchen, first-rate ; November to March. 
Holbein, 

Hollow Croivned Pippin (Hollow Eyed Pippin) . — 
Yellow, roundish, middle-sized, kitchen; November 
to February. 

Home's Large, — Streaked, roundish, large, kitchen; 
October to December. 
Honey Greening, 

Hormead Pippin, see Hormead Pearmain. 

Hood's Seedling. 

Horner's Bitter Sweet, — Cider, 

Horselin, — Pale yellow, ovate, middle-sized, table, 
second-rate ; November to December. 

Hoskreiger (Heidelocher) . — Green, roundish, large, 
kitchen, first-rate ; November to April ; good bearer. 

House (Grey House). — Greenish red, oval, small, 
cider ; January. 

How' sPippin, — Russet, oblate, middle-sized, table, 
second-rate ; October to December. 



56 



Howherry Pippin^ see HoUandbury. 
Horsley Pippin, see HoUandbury. 
HanaUy Pomme de, see Rosaekerle. 
Hunfs, 

Hunfs Fine Green Pippin, 

Hunthouse, — Pale yellow, oblong, middle-sized, 
kitchen ; December to March. Good bearer. 
Hunthouse Large. 

Huntingford, — Red, conical, middle-sized, kitchen ; 
January to April. Very bright colour. 
Hutching' s Needling, see Sugarloaf Pippin. 
Hutching' s Late Needling, 

Hutchinson^ s Spotted, — Yellowish red, oblate, 
small, table, first-rate ; November to December. 
Hyde Park. Hyde Pippin. 

Imperial, Livesey^s. 

Incomparable. — Greenish yellow, calville-shaped, 
large, kitchen ; October. 
Incomparable, Barton! s. 
Incomparable, Egremonfs. 
Incomparable, Hay's. 
Incomparable, Ives's. 
Incomparable, KirU s. 

Incomparable, Lewis's. — Yellowish red, conical, 
large, table, second-rate ; December to February. 

Incomparable, Shaip's. 

Ironstone Pippin, see Easter Pippin. 

Ingestrie, Red. — Yellowish red, ovate, small, table, 
first-rate ; October to November. This and the next 
were raised by Mr. Knight in 1800, being hybrids 
between the Orange and Golden Pippin. 

Ingestrie, Yellow. — Yellow, oval, small, table, se- 
cond-rate ; September to October. Good bearer. 

Irish Pitcher, see Mank's Codlin. 

Inimitable. 

Iron Apple (Pomme de Fer) .—Brownish green, 
small, kitchen and table, second-rate ; a year. 



57 



Isle of Wight Pippin (Isle of Wight Orange, 
Orange Pippin). — Yellow, oval, small, table, first-rate, 
September to January. 

Isleworth Crab (Brentford Crab). — Pale yellow, 
roundish, middle-sized, second-rate ; October. 

Isted's Plate Apple (Isted's). 

D'ltalie, Pom7ne, see Massavis. 

Ives's Seedling, — Streaked, roundish, middle-sized, 
kitchen, second-rate ; November to January. 

Ivory Pippin, 

Jackson^ s Pippin (Middleton Pippin). — Yellow, 
roundish, oblate, small, indifferent ; August. 
Janurca, see Reinette du Canada. 
De Jardy, see Belle Hervey. 
Jeannette, 

Jean Hure, — Yellow, pear-shaped, middle-sized, 
cider ; January. 

Jeffrey s Seedling, — Yellow, oblate, large, kitchen, 
October to January. 

Jennety Golden, — Cider. 

Jenny Sinclair, — Brownish red, roundish, middle- 
sized, table. 

Jersey, — Red, conical, small, cider; November to 
December ; a bitter-sweet. 
Jersey Pippin, Saunders's. 
Jersey Greening, 

Jerusalem, Pomme de, see Pigeon. 
Jer win's Seedling, 

John Apple, — Green and yellowish red, pearm, 
small, cider, first-rate ; December to February. A 
very old variety. 

John Apple, see Northern Greening. 

Jolly field Pippin, 

Jolty Kutof sky Naliff, — Pale yellow, conical, small, 
table, indifferent ; August. 
Jonathan, 

Jordbaeraehle, — Streaked, ovate, middle-sized. 



58 



table ; August to September. Danish Strawberry- 
apples. 

Jordbaeraehle^ Kantet. — Red, calville-shaped, mid- 
dle-sized, kitchen. 

Jubilee Pippin, — Conical, above middle size, cream 
coloured, specked with brown, table and kitchen ; 
Mic. to Christmas. Raised by M. Bland, Esq., from 
seed sown in 1809. 

July Early Pippin, see Early Pippin. 

July Flower^ see Gilliflower. 

July Flower, Cornish, see Cornish Gilliflower. 

July Flower, Summer, see Summer Gilliflower. 

July Pippin. 

Juneating, American Red, 

Juneating, Early Red, see Early Margaret. 

Juneating, Early Striped, see Early Red Margaret. 

Juneating, Large White, 

Juneating, Red, see Early Red Margaret. 

Juneating, Red and Green, 

Juneating, Striped, see Early Red Margaret. 

Juneating, White (Owen's Golden Beauty). — Pale 
yellow, roundish, small, table, first-rate ; July to Au- 
gust. A handsome early apple. 

Kaiserschumer , — Greenish red, conical, large, kit- 
chen, second-rate ; January to February. 

Kantjis Apfel, — Russet red, oblate, middle-sized, 
kitchen, second-rate; January to February. 

Keiser, — Brownish green, conical, middle-sized, 
indifferent. 

Kempster, 

KenricKs Red Autumn, 

Kentish Fill-hashet (Lady de Grey's, Potter's 
Large, Kentish Pippin of some).— Yellow, green and 
brown, roundish, large, kitchen, first-rate ; Noyember 
to January. 

Kentish Giant, 

Kentish Pippin, — Pale yellow and brown, conical, 
middle-sized, kitchen, first-rate ; October to January. 



59 



Kentish Pippin (of some), see Beauty of Kent and 
Kentish Fill-basket. 
Kerkam. 
Kernel. — Cider. 

Kernel, Dollar's, — Streaked, ovate, small, cider ; 
October to November. 

Kernel, Knotted. — Streaked, ovate, small, cider; 
October to November. 

Kernel, Skerm's. — Streaked, ovate, small, cider ; 
October to April. 

Kerry Pippin, — Reddish yellow, oval, middle-sized, 
table, first-rate ; September to October. Good bearer. 
Long known in the county of Kerry. 

Keston Pippin. — Reddish yellow, roundish, small, 
table, second-rate ; October to December. 

Kew Admirable, 

King, see Borsdorffer. 

Knick Pepin, 

Kinellan, — Pale green, slightly dotted, yellow red 
on sunned side, table, good ; December to March. 
Raised by Sir G. I. Mackenzie, of Coul, N.B. 

Kinf aim's Pippin, — Streaked, roundish, middle- 
sized, second-rate. 

King George, see Borsdorffer. 

King Harry. — Russet, pearm, middle-sized, table, 
first-rate ; November to January. 

King of the Pippins (Hampshire Yellow). — Red- 
dish yellow, pearm, middle-sized, kitchen, first-rate ; 
October to January. A good bearer, and very hand- 
some. Brought into notice by Mr. Kirke, of Bromp- 
ton. 

King Robert. 

Kingston Black, 

Kirke' s Fame. 

Kirkton Pippin^ 

Kisking. 

Kleiner Fleiner, 



6a 



Knijiy Nalif. 

Knight's Pippin, see Downton. 
Knight's Large, — Yellowish red, roundish, large, 
kitchen ; September to October. 
Knight, Pomme, 

Knightwick Pippin, see Court of Wick. 
Kceiiing's Pippelin, see Golden Pippin. 
Konigliche Taubling, see Pigeonet. 
KoppeL 
Korishnory, 

Krappe Kruin, — Russet, conical, middle-sized, kit- 
chen, first-rate ; October to March. 

Krizapfel. — Pale green, conical, middle-sized, table, 
second-rate ; December. A Russian apple, somewhat 
transparent. 

Be Laak, see Dutch Mignonne. 

Lady Apple (of the Americans), see x\pi Petit. 

Lady de Greys, see Kentish Fill-basket. 

Lady s Finger, see White Paradise. 

Lady Louisa Pippin, — Pale yellow, oblate, small, 
indifferent ; December. 

Lady of the Wemys. 

Lancashire Crab, see Minshul Crab. 

Lancashire Gap (Shireling). — Yellow, oblate, mid- 
dle-sized, kitchen ; November to February. 

Lancashire Witch, — Yellowish red, oblate, middle- 
sized, kitchen, second-rate; October to December; 
handsome. 

Lancaster Crab, see Minshul Crab. 

Be Lande (Fleur de Prairial). — Streaked, oblong, 
large, kitchen ; September to October. 

Langer Rother Himbeer Apfel, see White Queen- 
ing. 

Larden. 

Large Early, see Early Harvest. 
Large Yellow, see Early Harvest. 
Large Re, New, 



61 



Late Bloomer. — Cider. 
Lavendel Pipping. 

Laivmaii's, — Yellow and brownish red, ovate, mid- 
dle-sized, table, second-rate ; March to June. 

Lawrence' s New White Fippin, — Pale green, coni- 
cal, middle-sized, second-rate ; December to February. 

LeadingtoHi Green, — Green, conical, middle-sized, 
kitchen, second-rate ; September to October. 

Leadington, Grey. — Yellowish brown, oval, middle- 
sized, kitchen, second-rate ; October. 

Leadington, Large. — Green, oblong, large, kitchen. 

Leadington, Monstrous (Green Codlin). — Green, 
oblong, large, kitchen, first-rate ; October to January. 

Leadin^ton, Red, 

Leadi?igton, Scarlet. — Red, oblong, middle-sized, 
kitchen and table, second-rate ; November to February. 

Leadin^ton, Stoiqj. — Yellowish green, oblong, large, 
kitchen ; September to November. 

Leadington, Summer, 

Leather-coat^ see Royal Russet. 

Leicester Early, 

Leisham^s Pippin, 

Leixlip Pippin, 

Lemon, — Yellow, roundish, middle-sized, table, 
second-rate ; December to January. 

Lemon Pippin (Kirke's Lemon Pippin). — Yellowish 
green, oval, middle-sized, kitchen and table, first-rate ; 
October to April. 

Lemon Pippin^ Knighfs. — Yellow, roundish, mid- 
dle-sized, kitchen and table, first-rate ; November to 
February. 

Let t som' s American, — Reddish yellow, oblate, mid- 
dle-sized, table, second-rate ; November to January. 

Ley den Pippin, — Pale greenish red, roundish, 
middle-sized, table, first-rate ; August to September. 
A great bearer, and a good early apple, resembling 
White Astrachan. 



62 



LiestaL 
Lievre. 

Lily Buckland, see Devonshire Buekland. 

Limonella, — Greenish yellow, oval, large, table, 
second-rate ; October ; requires a warm climate. 

Lincolnshire Holland Pippin (Striped Holland 
Pippin). — Streaked, roundish, small, kitchen, second- 
rate ; November to February. A Dutch apple. 

Little Beauty, — ^Yellow, oblate, small, indifferent ; 
October to November. 

Little Hollow Croivn (Diepe Hopjis). — Yellow, 
oval, small, second-rate ; November to December. 

Lock's Seedling, — Streaked, ovate, middle-sized, 
table, second-rate ; December to January. 

London Pippin (Five Crown Pippin, New London 
Pippin, Royal Somerset). — Yellow, oblate, middle- 
sized, kitchen and table, first-rate; November to 
April ; does not shrivel. This is a Norfolk apple. 

Long-hois, De (Toilet). — Yellow, conical, small, 
cider ; October ; a bitter-sweet. 

Long Early » 

Long Hanger, Parson^ s, — Cider. 
Long Keeper, Mogg's, — Streaked, oblate, middle- 
sized, cider ; January to March. 
Long Keeping Seedling, 
Long Keeping Yellow, Kew. 
Long Keeping, Young's, see Easter Pippin. 
Long May, see White Paradise. 
Long Tom, see Sheep's Nose. 
Longue. 

Longville's Kernel (Sam's Crab).— Pale brown- 
ish red, oblate, middle-sized, cider, indifferent. A 
native of Herefordshire. 

Lord Bateman's Bumpling, — Streaked, oval, mid- 
dle-sized, table, cider, second-rate ; August to Sep- 
tember ; a great bearer. 

Lord Duncan, see Duncan. 



63 



Lo7'd Nelson, BacJfhouse' see Nelson Codliii. 
Lord Nelson, Dredge's. 

Lord Nelson, Kirke's, — Red, roundish, large, table, 
second-rate ; November to February ; very handsome, 
but deficient in briskness. 

Lord Noi'thicicJcs Dutch. 

Lourmont Pippin, 

Loveden's Pippin, see Old Nonpareil. 

Lucombe's Seedling, — Streaked, roundish, large, 
kitchen, first-rate ; October to February ; a good kit- 
chen apple. Raised by Mr. Lucombe, of Exeter. 

Lud's Summer, 

Lud^ s Winter, 

Luffness Pippin, 

Luiken, 

Luskington Pippiii, 

Lustree, Pomme, — Red, roundish, small, kitchen, 
indifferent ; November to January. 
Madame, Nouvelle, 

Maclean's Favourite, — Yellow, roundish, middle- 
sized, table ; October to January ; of the highest ex- 
cellence. 

Madame, Pomme, see Reinette Grosse d'Angleterre. 
Madeleine, see Calville Rouge d'Ete. 
Moetapfela Fleurs Tardives, see Spatbluhende. 
Maid of the Mill, 

Maiden, — Greenish red, roundish, large, second- 
rate ; November to December. 

Maiden's Blush, — Yellowish red, oblate, large, kit- 
chen and table, second-rate ; September to October ; 
partially overspread with fine red, 

Make-him-rich, 

Malapias, 

Malcolm's Seedling, 

Male Carle (Mela di Carlo, Pomme de Charles, 
Pomme Carle, Pomme Finale). — Greenish red, round- 
ish, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; November to March ; 



64 



requires a south wall ; and on this it comes short of 
perfection. An Italian apple, exported largely from 
Genoa. 

Malingre d'' Angleterre, see Calville Normande, 
Margaret Early Red (Margaret, Margaret Early, 
Marguerite, Red Juneating, Early Red Juneating, 
Striped Juneating, Early Striped Juneating, Striped 
Quarrenden, Eve Apple of Ireland, Summer Tra- 
veller). — Streaked, ovate, middle-sized, table, first- 
rate ; August ; one of the best early apples. This is 
first noticed in 1688 by Ray. 

Margaret, of Miller, (Summer Pippin), 
Margaret, Yellow (White Margaret, Yorkshire 
Margaret) . 

Margil (Never-fail, Munche's Pippin). — Yellowish 
red, ovate, small, table, first-rate ; November to Fe- 
bruary. Good bearer ; approaches the Ribston Pippin 
flavour. 

Malingre, see Calville Malingre. 
Marin Onfroi. — Cider. 

Marmalade Fippin (Althorp Pippin). — Yellow, 
oblong, middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate; October 
to January. 

Marmorister Sommer Pepping, — Red streaked, 
ovate, middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ; September. 
Mary gold, 

Mary gold Pippin, — Yellow, ovate, middle-sized, in- 
different ; October to November. 

Mary Greed^s, 
■ Master's Seedli7ig.~Va\e yellow, conical, small, 
table, second-rate ; January to March. 

Mason's White (Mason's Early). — Pale yellow, 
conical, middle-sized, table, second-rate ; August. 

Massavis (Pomme d' Italic) . — Greenish brown, ovate, 
small, cider. A good bearer. 

Matchless, see Newton Spitzemberg. 

Maucher Rother, 



65 



May, see 'WTiite Paradise. 
Maude's Seedling Pi^jjnn, 
May BI 007/1, 

Megginch Favoi(7itey see Golden Reinette. 
Melrose, White, 
Melville Pippin » 

Me7'e de Menage. — Red, roundish, large^ kitchen, 
first-rate ; October to January. 

Me7iege7'e, Hans Mutterchen. 

Me7Teille de Po7'tla7id, — Yellow, conical, middle- 
sized, kitchen, indifferent ; January to April. 

Meiuns, 

Meiuns Pepin, 

Michael Heiiry Pippin. — Yellow, ovate, large, kit- 
chen and table, second-rate ; November to February. 

Miche, De, — Yellow, ovate, small, cider ; Decem- 
ber. 

Middleton Pippin, see Jackson's Pippin. 
Miller s Glory. — Streaked, ovate, middle-sized, kit- 
chen, second-rate ; December to January. 
Millfield. — Like Golden Reinette. 
Minhler's. 

Minchall Crah (Lancashire Crab, Lancaster Crab). 
— Yellow, oblate, middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ; 
December to February; good bearer. Raised at 
Minchall, in Cheshire. 

Moncrieffe, 

Mo7icrieffe, Uliite, 

Monkland Pippin. — Yellow, oval, small, indiffe- 
rent ; November ; very hardy, and of peculiar form, 
Monteith, White. 

Mollefs Guernsey Pippin. — Yellow, oblate, small, 
table, second-rate ; December to February ; resembles 
a Golden Pippin. 

Monstrous Pippin, see Gloria Mundi. 

Moore's Large Red Winter Sv:eeting, see Red 
Sweet Pippin. 

F 



66 



MorchirCs Crah, — Cider. 

Morden Bloom, — ^Yellowish red, oblate, middle- 
sized, kitchen, indifferent ; August to September. 

Morden Round, — Yellow russet, round, small, table, 
indifferent ; December to March. Handsome, but 
not juicy. 

Morden Striped, — Streaked, roundish, middle- 
sized, kitchen, second-rate ; November to January . 
Moreton. — Cider. 
Morgan, 

Molasses, see New England Sweeting. 

Mortimer, 

Mouse. 

Motoisee, see American French Crab. 

Mother Apple, — Yellow, ovate, small, cider ; De- 
cember ; a bitter-sweet. (8ee Oslin). 

3Iotteux^s Seedling, see Beachamwell. 

Mount Stewart, — Greenish red, oblate, large, 
kitchen ; November to January. 

Moulin a Vent, — Yellow, ovate, middle-sized, cider ; 
December. 

Moxhay Pippin — Pale yellow, conical, small, in- 
different ; October. 

Mouche's Pippin, see Margil. 

Munster Pippin, — Pale green, conical, large, kit- 
chen ; October to January. 

Murphy, 

Museau de Lievre, see Pigeonette. 

Mussellier, 

Naked Apple, 

Nanny, 

Negre Bore, 

Be Neige (Pomme Fameuse, Sanguineus). — Pale 
greenish red, roundish, middle-sized, table, second- 
rate ; November to January ; very white flesh. A 
Canadian apple, named after the village where it was 
raised. 



67 



Nelson y see Nelson's Codlin. 
Kelguin, see Reinette d'Aizerna. 
Kever-fail, see Margil. 

Newark King, — Greenish red, pear-shaped, middle- 
sized, table, second-rate ; November to February. 
Newark Yelloiv Pippin, 
Neiv England Seek-no-further. 
Neiv England Sweeting (Molasses). — Cider. 
Neicmari s Kernel, — Cider. 

Newtown Pippin (American Newton Pippin, Large 
Newtown Pippin, Petersburgh Pippin, Green Newton 
Pippin). — Greenish yellow, roundish, middle-sized, 
table, first-rate ; January to May. Excellent, but 
requires a wall or good situation. Sent from New^ 
York about 1830. 

Newtoivn Pippin, see Alfriston. 
' Neiv ton Pippin, Lord Gtoydir's, see Alfriston. 

Newton Pippin, Hiinfs Green, 

Newton Pippin, Yellow (Large Yellow Newton 
Pippin). — Yellow, roundish, large, table, first-rate; 
December to March. Ripens better than the Green 
in this climate. 

New Rock Pippin, — Green, round, middle-sized, 
table, first-rate ; January to May. Raised by Mr. 
Pleasance, of Barnwell, near Cambridge. 

New York, 

New York, Early, 

New York, Gloria Mundi, see Gloria Mundi. 
New York Pipypin, 

Noblesse de Gand, — Pale yellow, ovate, middle- 
sized, second-rate; December to January. 

No Core Apple, 

Noire (Pomme d'Amerique). 

Nonpareil, see Old Nonpareil. 

Nonpareil, American. — Greenish-brown, roundish, 
middle-sized, table, second-rate ; December to Fe- 
bruary, 

F 2 



68 



Nonpareil cP Angleterre^ see Old Nonpareil. 

Nonpareil, Antiim. — Streaked, roundish, small, 
table, second-rate ; December to March, 

Nonpareil, Braddick's (Ditton Nonpareil). — Green, 
roundish, small, table, first-rate; January to April. 
Keeps sound ; abundant bearer. Raised by J. Brad- 
dick, Esq., of Thames Ditton. 

Nonpareil, Cockfield, 

Nonpareil Codlin. 

Nonpareil, Early (Stagg's Nonpareil, Hick's Fancy, 
New Nonpareil). — Greenish yellow, oblate, small, 
table, first-rate ; October to December. Brisk fla- 
voured. Raised about seventy years ago by Stagg, a 
nurseryman at Caister, Norfolk. 

Nonpareil, English, see Old Nonpareil. 

Nonpareil, Bovmton. — Green, russet, roundish, 
middle-sized, table, first-rate ; December to April. 
Sharp rich flavoured. 

Nonpareil, Fair's, — Greenish yellow, oval, small, 
table, first-rate ; November to February. 

Nonpareil, Flat. — Russet, oblate, small, table, first- 
rate ; January to April. 

Nonpareil, Formosa. 

Nonpareil, Frognal, 

Nonpareil, Golden. — Yellow, russet, round, small, 
table, first-rate ; December to February. Handsome. 

Nonpareil, Golden Russet, 

Nonpareil, Green (New Green Nonpareil).— Green, 
round, small, table, second-rate; January to April. 
Nonpareil, Hare's. 

Nonpareil, Hunt's, see Duke of Gloucester, 

Nonpareil, Martin. — Yellow, russet, ovate, small, 
table, second-rate ; December to March. Received 
as a Crabstock in 1795, by Rev. G. Wilhams, of 
Martin Hussington, near "^Vorcester. 

Nonpareil, New, see Early Nonpareil. 

Nonpareil, Old (Nonpareil, English NonpareW, 



69 



Nonpareil d'Angleten^e, Due d'Arsel, Hunt's Nonpa- 
reil, Loreden's Pippin, Grune Reinette, Pomme Poire 
of some, Reinette Nonpareil). — Greenish yellow, 
roundish, small, table, first-rate ; J anuary to May. 
Peculiar and excellent flavour ; bears well as a stan- 
dard in a favourable situation, otherwise deserves a 
wall. Probably of French origin, but known here in 
Queen Elizabeth's reign. 
Nonpareil, Petworth, 

Nonpareil, Fitrnaston, — Pale green russet, round- 
ish, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; December to Fe- 
bruaiy. Raised by J. AVilhams, Esq., of Pitmaston, 
near Worcester. 

Nonpareil, Redding^s, — Russet, green, roundish, 
small, table, first-rate ; December to March. Abim- 
dant bearer, brisk flavour. 

Nonpareil, Ross. — Russet, red, roundish, small, 
table, first-rate ; November to February. Fenouillet 
flavour. An Irish apple. 

Nonpareil, Royal, — Greenish red, roundish, mid- 
dle-sized, table, second-rate ; November to January. 

Nonpareil, Russet-coated, see Pitmaston Nonpareil 
Russet. 

Nonpareil St. John's. — Yellowish green and brown, 
ovate, middle-sized, table, second-rate ; November to 
January. 

Nonpareil Scarlet (New Scarlet Nonpareil) . — Red, 
roundish, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; January to 
March. Yery handsome. Raised in 1773, from an 
Old Nonpareil seed, sown in a public-house garden at 
Esher, Surrey. 

Nonpareil, Stagg^s, see Early Nonpareil. 

Nonpareil, Stuhton. — Greenish yellow, roundish, 
small, table, first-rate ; January to March. Rich and 
sugary. 

Nonpareil, Sweeny. — Brownish red, roundish, mid- 
dle-sized, kitchen and table, second-rate ; January to 



70 



April. Rather acid, but a good bearer. Raised in 
1807, by J. N. Parker, Esq., of Sweeny, Shropshire. 

Nonpareil, Symonds's. — Green, russet, oblate, 
middle-sized, table, first-rate ; December. 

Nonpareil, Taunton, 
Nonpareil, Vale MascaL 
Nonpareil, W at erf or 

Nonpareil, White, — Pale green, russet, roundish, 
middle-sized, table, first-rate ; December to February. 

Nonnette (Rumsche Kruger). 

Nonesuch, — Green streaked, oblate, middle-sized, 
kitchen, first-rate ; September. Excellent for apple 

Nonesuch, Bowes'' s, — Green streaked, roundish, 
middle-sized, kitchen ; October. 
Nonesuch, Biggs' s. 

Nonesuch, Clifton, see Fearn's Pippin. 
Nonesuch, Greengrass^ s. 

Nonesuch, Round Winter, — Streaked, round, large, 
kitchen, first-rate ; November to March. Good 
bearer. 

Nonesuch, Huhhardston, 

Nonesuch, Royal Winter. 

Nonesuch, Watson's New, see Summer Thorle. 

Nonesuch Park Apple, — Yellow, roundish, small, 
table, first-rate ; November to February. Resembles 
the Golden Pippin. 

Norfolk Beaufin, see Beaufin. 

Norfolk Cohnan, see Winter Colman. 

Norfolk Paradise (Milmount Beaufin). — Red, 
oblate, middle-sized, kitchen ; November to April. 

Norfolk Pippin, see Adams's Pearmain. 

Norfolk Storing, see Winter Colman. 

Norman Knotted., — Streaked, roundish, middle- 
sized, cider ; December to February. 

Norman Red, — Yellowish brown and red, ovate, 
large, cider, first-rate ; November. A bitter-sweet. 



71 



Norman Styre» — Yellowish red, round, small, eider, 
October to December. 

Normariy Yellow, — Yellow, small, cider. 

Normandie^ Be, — Yellow, roundish, small, cider ; 
November. 

Normandy Pippin, — Yellow and brownish red, 
roundish, middle-sized, cider. 

Normanton Wonder, see Dumelow's Seedling. 
North's Cider. 

Northern Greening (John Apple of some, Cowarn 
Queening ditto, Walmer Court). — Green, oval, mid- 
dle-sized, kitchen, cider, first-rate ; November to 
April. Keeps sound without shrivelling. 

Northwick Pippin, see Blenheim Pippin. 

Norton Seedling. 

Norwich Jubilee, — Yellow, roundish, middle-sized, 
kitchen ; November to December. Very acid. 

Nostrate Blanche, — Pale green, ovate, large, cider ; 
December. 

Nottidge's Seedling (Nottige's Favourite). 
Nottingham — Yellow, ovate, middle-sized, kitchen, 
second-rate ; November to January. 

Be Notre Dame, see Rambour Franc d'Ete. 
Nutmeg, 

Nutmeg Pippin, see Cockle Pippin. 
0«^5.— Streaked, conical, middle-sized, indifiPerent, 
November to February. 
(Eillet,—C\diQY. 

Ognon, — Greenish red, oblate, middle-sized, second- 
rate ; January. 

Oldaker's New, see Alfriston. 
Old King, 

Old Maids, see Knobby Russet. 
Old Park Pippin. — Reddish green, ovate, small, 
indifferent ; November to January. 
Olive Pippin, 

Oliver's, — Yellow russet, oblate, middle-sized, table, 
second-rate ; December to February, 



72 



Orange, — Yellow, oblate, middle-sized, kitchen, 

second-rate ; October. 
Orange^ American, 

Orange^ Blenheim^ see Blenheim Pippin. 

Orange^ Isle of Wight, see Isle of Wight Pippin. 

Orange Pipjpin, see Isle of Wight Pippin. 

Orack Ehria, — Ked, oblate, large, table, second- 
rate ; October. A Persian apple. 

Orange Long Laster (Orange Long Tester). 

Ord's Apple, — Brown and greenish red, ovate, 
table, second-rate ; January to May. Brisk juice. 
Raised by Mrs. Simpson, sister of John Ord, Esq., 
near Fulham. 

Orleans. 

Orme, — Pale green, oblate, middle sized, table, se- 
cond-rate ; February to ApriL 
Ornament de la Tahle. 
Orpolin. 

Ortley, see Woolman's Long. 
ly Or, Fom7ne, see Golden Pippin, 
B'Or, Pepin, see Golden Pippin. 
Orwell Pippin, 

Oslin (White Oslin, Arbroath Pippin, Mother 
Apple, Original). — Pale yellow, roundish, middle- 
sized, table, first-rate ; August to September. Pecu- 
Uarly rich aroma. By several of the professional 
gardeners in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh it is 
styled the ^Mother Apple, by others the Golden Apple, 
and in different parts of England, as well as in the 
works of some eminent horticulturists, it is denomi- 
nated the Bur Knot apple. The last of these 
names is evidently derived from the appearance of 
the tree, for it in general abounds with a particular 
sort of burs or knots. The appellation of Oslin is 
supposed to be derived from its being first brought 
into Britain from a village of the name of Oslin, in 
France. The denomination of the Golden apple has, 
in all probability, been given it from its beautiful 



73 



yellow colour. But of all the uames by which it has 
been distinguished, that of "the original" appears to 
be the most characteristic ; for, from its easy propaga- 
tion by branches, a bur on them being placed beneath 
the soil, it may be considered as a mother or original 
apple. Said to have been raised at Arbroath, in For- 
farshire, or introduced by the monks of the Abbey 
there. 

Ostend Pippin, 

Ostogotha, 

Outre-passe, see Passe Pomme d'Automne. 

Owen's Golden Beauty y see White Juneating. 

D' Ozanne, — Cider. 

Pasch Apfely see Easter Apple. 

Packhorse. — Yellowish red, roundish, middle-sized, 
table, first-rate ; November to March. 

Padlexf s Pippin (Compote). — Brown and reddish 
yellow, roundish, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; De- 
cember to January. Apt to shrivel. Raised in 1811 
by Mr. Padley, Boyal gardener at Hampton Court. 

Painted Lady. — Streaked, roundish, middle-sized, 
table, second-rate ; October to November. 

Pampadura. 

Panachee, see Api Panache. 

Paper, 

Paradise, ' 

Paradise (of some), see Summer Thorle. 

Paradise, White (Paradise Pippin, Egg, Lady's 
Finger, Long May, May). — Yellow, oblong, small, 
table, second-rate ; November to December. 

Paradis Franc, — Cider. 

Paradis Rouge d'Hiver, — Streaked, ovate, middle- 
sized, kitchen, second-rate ; November to J anuary . 
Paradis, Summer Sweet, 
Paradis, Winter Sweet, 

Parmentier, — Russet, conical, middle-sized, table, 
kitchen, first-rate ; November to April. 



74 



Parsonag Pippin, — Streaked, oblate, small, table, 
second-rate ; November. 
Passe Pomme. 

Passe Pomme Autocrine (Pomme Generale, Outre- 
passe). — Eed, calville-shaped, middle-sized, kitchen, 
second-rate ; September to October. 

Passe Pomme Blanche, — Pale red, calville-shaped, 
middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ; September to Oc- 
tober. 

Passe Pomme du Canada. — Those having the name 
of Passe Pomme are chiefly of the Calville nature, 
with soft vrhite flesh. 

Passe Pomme du Canada Grise, see Royal Russet* 

Passe Pomme Rouge, 

Passe Pomme Rouge d Automne,. 

Passe Rose Plate, 

Paternoster, 

Paternoster^ see Dutch Mignonne. 
Paternoster sans Pepins, 
Patersonian, 
Patriot, 

Pawson, — Cider. 
Peach Apple, 

Peach Applcy Irish (Early Crofton). — Green and 
brownish red, roundish, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; 
August to September. An excellent early fruit. 

Peach Apple^ Oxford^ see Scarlet Pearmain. 

Pear Apple, — Green, obovate, small, cider, indif- 
ferent ; November. 

Pearmain, Adard s (Norfolk Pippin). — Yellowish 
red, pear-shaped, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; No- 
vember to February. Very handsome. 

Pearmain, American, see Royal Pearmain. 

Pearmain, see Herefordshire Pearmain. 

Pearmain, American Summer, 

Pearmain, American Winter Sweet, 

Pearmain, Arundel, see Hormead Pearmain. 



75 



Vearmain Augustus, — Green streaked, pear-sliaped, 
middle-sized, table, second-rate; November to January. 

Pearmain^ Autumn (Royal Pearmain of some, Smu- 
mer Pearmain ditto, American Pearmain). — ^ Yellow- 
ish red, pear-shaped, middle-sized, kitchen and table, 
second-rate ; September to October ; rich yellow flesh. 

Pearmain^ Barcelona (Speckled Golden Reinette, 
Kleiner Casseler Reinette, Reinette Rouge, Reinette 
Rousse, Reinette de Carmes, Glace Rouge) — Yellow- 
ish red, pear-shaped, middle-sized, table, second-rate ; 
November to January. Good bearer. 

Pearmain, Baxter s. — Yellowish red, pear-shaped, 
middle-sized, kitchen and table, second-rate ; December 
to March . A good bearer ; scarcely so rich as the 
Herefordshire Pearmain, which it resembles. A Nor- 
folk apple. 

Pearmain, BenweWs, — Middle-sized, oblong, dull- 
ish green with red dashes, good, table ; Michaelmas to 
Christmas. Raised by Mr. Benwell, of Henley-on- 
Thames. 

Pearmain, Bernards, Pearmain, Blue, 

Pearmain, Brighfs (Wick Pearmain). 

Pearmain, Capper's. — Streaked, pear-shaped, large, 
table, second-rate ; December to March ; handsome. 

Pearmainy Chester, — Streaked, oblate, middle- 
sized, second-rate. 

Pearmain, Claygate, — Yellowish red, pear-shaped, 
middle-sized, table, first-rate ; November to March ; an 
excellent dessert apple, having somewhat of Ribston 
Pippin flavour. Raised at Claygate, near Thames 
Ditton. 

Pearmain, English Winter Gold, 

Pearmain, Federal, — Greenish red, pear-shaped, 
small, table, first-rate ; December to March. 

Pearmain Foulden (Horrex's Pearmain). — Yellow- 
ish red, pear-shaped, middle-sized, kitchen and table, 
first-rate ; November to March. Raised by Mrs. 
Horrex, of Foulden, Norfolk. 



76 



PearmaiUy Grangers (Grangers Pippin) .—Yellow 
and greenish red, pear-shaped, large, table, first-rate ; 
November to February. Good bearer. 

Fearmain^ Golden (Ruckman's Pearmain). — Rus- 
set red, oblate, pear-shaped, middle-sized, kitchen, 
cider, second-rate ; November to March. 

Pearmainy Hammond'' s. 

Pearmain^ Herefordshire (Old Pearmain, Parmain, 
Royal Pearmain of some. Royal d'Angleterre). — 
Yellow and greenish red, pear-shaped, large, kitchen 
and table, first-rate ; November to March. An old 
and very excellent sort. 

Pearmain Hormead (Arundel Pearmain, Hormead 
Pippin). — Yellow, pear-shaped, middle-sized, kitchen 
and table, first-rate ; October to March. A good 
bearer, 

Pearmain, Huhhard^s (Golden Vining of some). — 
Pale russet, pear-shaped, table, first-rate ; November 
to April. Very rich. A Norfolk apple. 

Pearmain Gillifiower, — ^Yellowish red, pear shape, 
middle-sized, table, second-rate ; November to March. 

Pearmain, Kilkenny, 

Pearmain, Knights Seedling, 

Pearmain, Lamb Abbey, — Green and yellowish red, 
pear-shaped, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; January 
to April. Keeps well without shrivelling. Raised 
by Mrs. Malcolm, of Lamb Abbey, Kent. 

Pearmain, Large Red Sweet-winter, 

Pearmain, LoarCs, — Green and yellowish red, 
roundish, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; November 
to January. 

Pearmain, London, 

Pearmain, Lord Powlefs, 

Pearmain, Mickleham, 

Pearmain, Pawson's,—Gx^em^l[\. brown, pear-shape, 
middle-sized, table, cider, second-rate ; December to 
March. 



// 

Pearmain^ Pm^ry^s, — Pale greenish red, ovate, 
middle- sized, table, second-rate ; December to March. 
Pearrnain, Pike, Pearmain^ BoyaL 

Pear7nam, Royal, see Autumn Pearmain. 
Pearmain, Ruckman's, see Golden Pearmain. 
Pearmain, Russet Table, 

Pearmai^i, Scarlet (Bell's Scarlet, Oxford Peach). 
— Yellow, pear-shaped, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; 
September to January ; Good bearer. 

Pearmain, Spanish. 

Pearmain, Striped, 

Pear7nain, Summer Golden. 

Pearmain, Summer. 

Pearmain, Sussex Scarlet, — Red, pear-shaped, 
middle-sized, table ; December to March. 
Pearmain, Sweet, 
Pearmain, Teraughtie. 

Pearmain, Vale Mascal, — Red, ovate, middle-sized, 
table, first-rate ; December to February. 

Pearmain, Vermont Autumn, 
Pearmain, Wick, 

Pearmain, Winter, — Green and yellowish red, 
pear-shaped, middle-sized, kitchen and table, second- 
rate ; December to March ; resembles the Hereford- 
shire Pearmain, but not so rich. 

Pearmain, Young's. 

Pearson's Plate. — Yellow and greenish red, oblate, 
small, table, first-rate; December to March; hand- 
some, and excellent dessert apple. 

Peau de Vache, see Douce Morelle. 

Pear Sweeting. 

Pechman. 

Pelican, 

Pen caitlan d Pippin , 

Pennock's Red Winter (Pennock's Large Red 
Winter, Pennock Red) . — Greenish red, oblate, large, 
kitchen, November to March ; not apt to shrivel. 



78 



Feu'tiington Seedling. — Yellow russet, oblate, mid- 
dle-sized, kitchen and table, fii'st-rate j November to 
March ; an excellent varietr. 

Fepin Cels. 

Pepin Flagelle, 

Fepin Knick, 

Fejnn Kork, 

Fepin Xohle, — ^Reddish yellow, roundish, middle- 
sized, table, second-rate ; December to January. 
Fepin a Forte, 
Fepin Ringler, 

Fepin SteuchaL — Streaked, ovate, middle-sized, 
table, first-rate ; November to January. 
Ferv.vian, 

Fetworth Seedling. — ^Brownish green, roundish, 
middle-sized, table, second-rate ; November to Ja- 
nuary. 

Fetershurgh Fippin, see Newtown Pippin. 

Fetit Jean. — Red, roundish, small, indifferent ; 
November to !March ; very abundant bearer ; would 
perhaps do for cider. Native of Isle of Jersey. 

Fetit TJiouars. 

Fhlanihoot, — ^Red, roundish, large, kitchen, second- 
rate. 

Figeon (Arabian Apple, Pomme de Jerusalem, 
Pigeonnet Rouge, Konigliche Taubling). — Pale green- 
ish red, conical, small, table, second-rate ; December 
to January. 

Figeonnet (Pigeonnet Blanc, Pigeonnet Blanc d'Ete, 
Pigeonnet Gros de Rouen, Cceur de Pigeon, Museau 
de Lievi'e, American Peach of some). — Pale green- 
ish red, ovate, small, table, second-rate ; August to 
September. 

Figeonnet Blanc d'Hiver, Mayer s.—Voile yellovr, 
conical, middle-sized, indifferent ; December to April. 
Figeonnet Hat if. 
Figeon' s Egg. 



79 



Pine Apple, Lucomhe^s (Pine Apple, Pine Apple 
Pippin). — Yellow, roundish, small, table, first-rate; 
September to October. 

Pi/ie Apple Pijopin, Summer. 

Pinner Seedling (Carel's Seedling). — Greenisli 
yellow russet, roundish, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; 
December to April. Raised by J. Carrel, nurseryman, 
of Pinner, Middlesex. 

Pitmaston Golden Pippin. — Very like the Pine- 
apple. 

Pitminster Crab. — Streaked, ovate, small, indifife- 
rent ; November to December. 
Plack. 

Polnischer Morouki. — Green, roundish, middle- 
sized ; November to February ; requires a warm ch- 
mate. 

Pomme Generate, see Passe Pomme d' Automne. 

Poynme-jpoire. — Russet, roundish, small, table, first- 
rate ; January to ]\Iay ; not so good as the Old Non- 
pareil, which it resembles. 

Pomme-poire, see Old Nonpareil. 

Pomme-pioire, Blanche. 

Pomme Rose, see Api Petit. 

Pomme-poire Grosse. 

Pomeroy, Early. — Streaked, conical, middle-sized, 
table, second-rate ; October. 

Pomeroy, New. — Russet, ovate, middle-sized, table, 
second-rate ; November to December. 

Pomeroy, Old (Pomeroy, Taunton). — Brownish 
yellow, conical, middle-sized, table, first-rate; No- 
vember to February. 

Pompion. 

Ponto Pippin. — Brownish red, conical, small, table, 
second-rate ; November to February. 
Poor Man's Profit. 

Porte Tidipee. — Brownish yellow, oblate, middle- 
sized, table, second-rate ; November. 



80 



Pointer. 

Portugal^ see Reinette du Canada. 
Post ApfeL — ^ Yellowish red, oval, middle-sized, 
kitchen, second-rate; Xovember to January. 
Post Captain, 

Postophe d'Ete, — Red, calyille-shapeJ, small, in- 
different ; August. ^ 

Postopihe cT Hiver. — Yellowish red, pear-shaped, 
middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ; December to Ja- 
nuary. 

Potter's Large, see Kentish Fill Basket. 

Prager, see Reinette Grise. 

Pound, — Yellow and brownish red, oblong, large, 
kitchen ; Xovember to January. 
Pound tweeting, 
Povshon, 
Prague. 

Priestley (Priestley^s xlmerican). — Y'ellowish red, 
roundish, oblate, large, kitchen and table, second-rate ; 
December to April. Spicy flavour ; apt to canker. 

Prince's Harvest, see Early Harvest. 

Prince, 

Prince Poya.L — Streaked, oblate, middle-sized, in- 
different : December to January. 
Prince de Waterloo, 
Prince's Pippin, 
Princesse Anne, 

Princesse Xohle Zoete (Princesse). — Pale green, 
conical, middle-sized, kitchen, indifferent ; December, 
The Princesse Xoble apples are all veiy indifferent in 
this climate. 

Princesse 2\ohle Zoete, see Court-pendu Plat. 

Princesse Xohle Zuure (Princesse Xoble).— -Pale 
yellow, oblong, middle-sized, indifferent j October. 

Princesse Victoria, KirJce: s, 

Prinzen. — Pale yellowish red, oblong, middle-sized, 
indifferent j October. 



81 



Prior^s Red, 

Profit Apple. — Streaked, conical, middle-sized, kit- 
chen, second-rate ; October to December. 
Pursemoiith, 
Purton's Pippin, 
Pupicher, 

Quarrenden, Devonshire (Red Quarrenden, Sark 
Apple) . — Red, oblate, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; 
August ; good bearer. 

Quarrenden^ Striped^ see Early Red Margaret. 

Quarrenden White, 

Queen's, see Borsdorffer. 

Queen Anne, 

Queen Charlotte (Queen, Boatswain Pippin). — 
Greenish red, conical, middle-sized, indifferent. A 
large sort of Crab. 

Queening Coivam, see Northern Greening. 

Queening Crab, 

Queening Crab, Knighfs. — Cider. 

Queening, Crimson (Scarlet Queening, Summer 
Queening, Red Queening, Herefordshire Queening). 
— Red, calville-shaped, middle-sized, kitchen, second- 
rate ; September to November. 

Queening, Grey, — Green, russet, oval, middle-sized, 
table, second-rate ; December to February. 

Queening Summer (of some,) see Summer Stibbert. 

Queening, Winter (Calville d'Angleterre, Langer 
Rother Himbeer Apfil). — Red, conical, middle-sized, 
table and kitehen, second-rate ; December to March. 
Not so rich as the Cornish Gilliflower. 

Quince Apple, Quoit, 

Rabine, 

Rabine d'Ete, 

Raboulink. — Red, conical, large, kitchen, second- 
rate ; November to March. 

Raboulink Blanc, — Pale greenish red, roundish, 
middle-sized, kitchen \ December to January. 

G 



82 



Uamho (Romanite, American Seek-no-fiirtlier). — 
Yellow, oblate, middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ; 
December to January. 

Ramhour (Rambour Franc d'Hiver), — Greenish- 
red, oblate, large, kitchen ; October to January. 

Ramhour a Cotes Gros, see Calville Blanche d' 
Hiver. 

Rambour Franc (Rambour Gros). — Pale yellowish 
red, roundish, large, kitchen; Sept. to October. Many 
varieties are confused under the name of Rambour. 

Rambour Fr^ac d'Ete (Rambour Raye, Pomme de 
Notre Dame). 

Rangi, — Red, oblate, middle-sized, kitchen ; No- 
vember to February. 

Rangi, Faux, 

Rangi, Vrai, 

Rasjpberry , 

Rateau, Be (Gros Bondy). 

Rather Ripe, — Yellow, oblate, small, table, second- 
rate ; August. 
Raule's Janet. 

Ravelston Pippin, — Yellowish red, roundish, mid- 
dle-sized, table, second-rate ; August. 
Rawling^s Pippin, 
Rawson, 
Red Bough. 
Red Everlasting , 
Red Must, — Cider. 

Red Streak, Devonshire, — Streaked, roundish, 
middle-sized, cider, table; September. Blossoms late. 

Red Streak, Dorsetshire, — Streaked, conical, small, 
cider. A good bearer. 

Red Streak, Eaton, — Cider. 

Red Streak, Herefordshire (Scudamore's Crab). — 
Streaked, roundish, middle-sized, first-rate ; excellent 
for cider. 

Red Streak, Irish, 



83 



Red StreaJced, Keeping, — Streaked, roundish, mid- 
dle-sized, kitchen ; December to April. A handsome 
firm apple. 

Red Streak, Moccas, — Streaked, roundish, small, 
cider. 

Red Streak, Parso'iis. — Cider. 

Red Streaky Scotch Winter, 

Red Streak, Winter, see Cumbusnethan Pippin. 

Redondelle, — Cider. 

Redondelle Nuche, — Yellow, oblate, small, cider ; 
October. 

Red Sweet Pippin (Sweet Pippin of the Americans, 
Moore's Large Red Winter Sweeting, Large Red 
Winter Sweeting). — Red, oblate, middle-sized, second- 
rate ; November to February. 

Read's Baker, see Norfolk Beaufin. 

Regelans, Pomme, see Cornish Gilliflower. 

Reneitte d'Aix, see Golden Reinette. 

Reinette d* Aizerna (Reinette d' Breda, Reinette 
Nelguin, Nelguin) . — Brownish yellow, roundish, mid- 
dle-sized, table, first-rate ; January to March. 

Reinette d' Astrachan, 

Reinette Batarde, see BorsdorfFer. 

Reinette Baumann. — Red, oblate, middle-sized, 
table, second-rate ; December to March. Not apt to 
shrivel. 

Reinette de Bentem, 

Reinette Bernard, 

Reinette Bischoffs, 

Reinette Blanche, 

Reinette Blanche d^JEspagne (Reinette d' Espagne, 
D'Espagne, Fall Pippin, Gobbet's Fall Pippin). — 
Pale greenish red, roundish, large, kitchen and table, 
first-rate ; November to March. One of the largest 
sized apples. Trees subject to canker. 

Reinette Borsdorffer, see BorsdolFer. 

Reinette Bosc. 

G 2 



84 



Reinette, Brame, Reinette de Bretagne, 

Reinette Brodee, see Embroidered Pippin. 
Reinette, Calville, 

Reinette du Canada (Reinette du Canada Blanehej 
Reinette Grosse du Canada^ Du Canada, Reinette du 
Caen, Reinette du Canada a Cotes, Portugal, Wahre 
Reinette, Reinette Gros d'Angleterre, De Bretagne, 
Janurea, St. Helena Russet). — Brown and yellowish 
green, flat conical, large, kitchen and table, first-rate ; 
November to April. Good bearer. Is probably the 
best apple of its size, and surpassed by few of those 
that are smaller : it therefore deserves extensive cul- 
tivation. 

Reinette du Canada Grise, see Royal Russet. 

Reinette du Canada Platte, see Royal Russet. 

Reinette des Carmes, see Barcelona Pearmain. 

Reinette Caractere. — Yellow, russet, oval, small, 
table, first-rate ; December to April. Peculiar sub- 
acid, and slight Fenouiilet flavour. 

Red Streak (of Backhouse), see Flower of the 
Town. 

Reinette, Carse, 

Reinette du Caux, 

Reinette, Chassens Glanz. 

Reinette, Citronen, 

Reinette d' Angle t err e, see Golden Pippin. 

Reinetle Von ClaveraL 

Reinette, Contin, — Yellowish red, roundish, mid- 
dle-sized, table, second-rate ; October. A good bearer. 
Raised by Sir G. I. Mackenzie, at Coul, N.B. 

Reinette, Course, 

Reinette, Crudos Gutten, 

Reinette BieL — Yellowish red, oblate, middle-sized, 
table, first-rate ; December to March. 
Reinette, Dietzer Mandels, 

Reinette Boree (of the Germans), see Dutch Mig- 
nonne. 



85 



Reinette Boree (of the French), (Reinette Jaune 
Tardive, Reinette Rousse) . — Different sorts have 
fruited under this name, but none of them are equal 
to the Golden Reinette or Dutch Mignonne. 

Reinette de Bone, 

Reinette Brapier. 

Reinette, Early French, see Early Harvest. 
Reinette, Englische Granat, 
Reinette, Episcopate, 

Reinette, d' Erkenstein, — ^Yellowish brown, round- 
ish, middle-sized, second-rate; November to January. 

Reinette, d'^Espagne, see Reinette Blanche d'Es- 
pagne. 

Reinette Franche, 

Reineete Franche a Cotes, 

Reinette Franche Grauwe, — Brown russet, round- 
ish, middle-sized, kitchen and table, first-rate ; De- 
cember to April. Requires a good situation, with 
free admission of sun. 

Reinette, French, see French Russet. 

Reinette, Gardonker Gold, 

Reinette, Guamont, 

Reinette, Gielen, see Golden Reinette. 

Reinette de Geer. 

Reinette Gielen, Grosse. 

Reinette, Glanz. 

Reinette, Golden (Kirke's Golden Reinette, Yellow 
German Reinette, English Pippin, Aurore, Reinette 
d'Aix, Court-pendu Dore, Elizabet, Princesse Noble 
of the French, Reinette Gielen, "Wyker Pippin, Wy- 
gers, Megginch Favourite, Dundee) . — Reddish yellow, 
oblate, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; October to Ja- 
nuary. A handsome, regularly formed, and excellent 
dessert fruit. Good bearer. Originally raised in 
Hertfordshire, where it is still a common apple. 

Reinette, Goldgelbe Sommer . — Yellow, oval, middle- 
sized, second-rate ; September. 



86 



Reinette Groem. 

Reinette Grise (Reinette Gris Extra^ Belle Fille, 
Roger). — Yellow russet, oblate, middle-sized, table, 
first-rate ; November to March. 

Reinette Grise d' Aglet err e Fetit, — Russet, oblate, 
small, table, first-rate ; November to January. 

Reinette Grise de Champagne, — Russet, roundish, 
small, table, second-rate ; November to March. Fla- 
vour resembles that of Fenouillet Gris. 

Reinette Grise Doree, 

Reinette Grise Double, 

Reinette Grise de Grandville, — Yellow russet, 
oblate, middle-sized, table, second-rate ; December to 
February. 

Reinette Grise d'Hiver Petit, 

Reiyiette Grise de Holland (Reinette de Havre, 
Reinette de Hongrie) . — Russet, roundish, small, 
table, second-rate ; November to March. Yery 
thickly coated v/ith russet. 

Reinette Grisede Metz, — Russet, roundish, small, 
table, second-rate ; November to March. 

Reinette Grise, New, — -Yellow russet, oblate, small, 
table, first-rate ; January to March. Good bearer. 

Reinette Grise de St, Onge, 

Reinette Grise de Turhinee, — Russet, oblate, small, 
table, first-rate ; December to January. Tree subject 
to canker. 

Reinette Grosse du Canada, see Reinette du Canada. 
Reinette Gros d' Angleterre, see Reinette du Ca- 
nada. 

Reinette Grosse Angleterre (Pomme Madame of 
some) . — Streaked, roundish^ large, kitchen and table, 
second-rate; December to February. Nearly as large 
as the R. du Canada, but of less merit, 

Reinette, Grove End, 

Reinette Grune, see Old Nonpareil. 

Reinette de Hollande, 



\ 



87 



Reinetfe de Hongriey see Reinette Grise de Hol- 
lande. 

Reinette Jaune Hative (Drap d'Or of some, Rein- 
ette Grise de Automne of some, Reinette Marbree of 
some, Citron des Carmes). — Yellow russet, roundish, 
middle-sized, table, second-rate ; November. 

Reinette Jaune Sucree (Citron, Anglaise, Chance). 
— Yellow, oblate, small, table, first-rate ; November 
to February. Tree apt to canker. 

Reinette Kaul. 

Reinette Konigs. — Yellowish red, oblate, middle- 
sized, table, second-rate ; December to February. 

Reinette, Kir he' s Golden, see Golden Reinette. 

Reinette, Kleiner Casseler, see Barcelona Pear- 
main. 

Reinette, Knack, 

Reinette de Laak, — Yellowish red, roundish, mid- 
dle-sized, table, second-rate ; September. A good 
bearer. 

Reinette, Lancashire, 

Reinette, Large Sweet. 

Reinette a Longne Queue, 

Reinette Marbree, see Reinette Jaune Hative. 

Reinette Micheaux, — Yellow, oblate, middle-sized, 
table, second-rate ; December. 

Reinette Minster Golden, 

Reinette Mononisten, 

Reinette de Monthron. — Yellow, roundish, middle- 
sized, table, second-rate ; October to November. 

Reinette Mulchompts Carmine. — Yellowish red, 
roundish, middle-sized, table, second-rate ; October to 
November. 

Reinette, Muscaten. 

Reinette de Meseau* 

Reinette Musquee, 

Reinette Nonpareil, see Old Nonpareil. 

Reinette Naine, — Yellowish green, conical, middle- 



88 



sized, table, second-rate ; November to February. 
Tree dwarf. 

Reinette Neimans Rother, — Yellowish red, conical, 
middle-sized, table, second-rate; December to Fe- 
bruary. 

ReinettQ du Nord. — Yellow, oval, middle-sized, 
table, second-rate ; will keep two years. 
Reinette^ Northern, 
Reinette Von Orleans. 
Reinette Faille. 
Reinette, Pepin de, 

Reinette, Pictee, — Pale russet, roundish, middle- 
sized, kitchen, indifferent ; October. 

Reinette Nelguin, see Reinette d'Aizerna. 
Reinette, Phillips's, see Court of Wick. 
Reinette, Platte, 
Reinette, Poire, 
Reinette de Provence, 

Reinette Quetten (Quince Reinette) . — Yellow, 
obovate, middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ; October 
to February. Shaped like a quince. 

Reinette Rouge, see Barcelona Pearmain. 

Reinette de Rochelle, 

Reinette Rouge Pictee, 

Reinette Rouge de Pentecote. 

Reinette Rouge de Sickler. 

Reinette Rousse, see Barcelona Pearmain. 

Reinette Royal, — Streaked, conical, large, kitchen 
and table, second-rate; December to April; good 
bearer. 

Reinette ^affran, — Yellow, russet, conical, middle- 
sized, cider, second-rate ; August to Septem.ber. 

Reinette, Selwood''s,- — Greenish yellow, pear- 
shaped, small, table, second-rate ; December to Feb- 
ruary. 

Reinette, Speckled Golden, see Barcelona Pear- 
main. 



89 



Reinette Striped Monst7*ous. — Streaked, roundish, 
large, kitchen, second-rate ; November to December. 

Reinette Truite. — Yellow streaked, roundish, mid- 
dle-sized, table, second-rate ; November to December. 
Sugary but not veiy juicy. 

Reinette, Tyroler Glanz, — Pale yellow, round- 
ish, middle-sized, table, second-rate ; December to 
January. 

Reinette^ Wellners Gold. — Russet, oval, small, 
table, first-rate ; January to May ; handsome and 
rich. 

Reinette Wahre, see Reinette du Canada. 
Reinette, TVeise Antillischere. 
Reinette Van Mons. 

Reinette Verte, — Green, roundish, small, table, 
first-rate ; December to May ; partakes of the flavour 
of Golden Pippin and Nonpareil. 

Reinette, Yelloiv German, see Golden Reinette. 

Reinette Zorgvliet, 

Reinette, Zimt, 

Reinette, Zoete Grauwe, 

Rei.iivardt. 

Renouvelet. — Cider. 

Renshaw's Beauty, 

Rhein Apfel, der Saure, — Cider; November to 
April. 

RhinehecJc Pippin, 

Rhode Island Greening, — Green, roundish, large, 
kitchen and table, first-rate ; December to April ; 
good bearer. 

Ribston Pippin (Glory of York, Formosa Pippin, 
Travers's). — Green and yellowish red, roundish, mid- 
dle-sized, table and kitchen, first-rate ; November to 
March ; ought to be in every collection ; trees very 
healthy in some soils ; in others subject to canker. 
Raised at Ribston Hall, near Knaresborough^ from 
French seed. 



90 



Eibston Pippin, New. 

Rick, 

Ridge, 

Riviere, 

Roan's White Crah, — Yellow, roundish, small, 
cider ; January to March. 

Rigby's Pippin, — Pale yellowish red, roundish, mid- 
dle-sized ; December to February. 

Rob erf s Seedling, 

Robinson's Pippin, — Russet, roundish, small, table, 
first-rate ; December to February. 

Rob Roy, — Yellow and greenish red, roundish, 
middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate. 

Rockrimmon, 

Rodmersham Pippin, — Yellowish red, roundish, 
middle-sized ; kitchen, second-rate ; October to De- 
cember. 

Rogers's Magnum Bonum, 

Roi, Du, 

Roi Tres Noble, see Edel Konig. 

Romaine, — Yellow, roundish, middle-sized, table, 
first-rate ; September. 

Romaine Blanche, — Pale yellow, oblong, middle- 
sized, indifferent ; November to February ; requires a 
warmer climate than that of Britain. 
' Romaine d' Italie, 

Roman Stem. — Yellow and brownish red, ovate, 
small, table, second-rate ; November to December. 

Romanite, see Rambo. 

Ro77iril, — Pale yellow, oblate, middle-sized, kitchen, 
cider, first-rate ; November to February ; great bearer. 

Rosackerle (Pomme de Hanau). — Yellowish red, 
roundish, middle-sized, cider ; J anuary to March ; a 
bitter-sweet. 

Rose de China, — Green and yellowish red, round- 
ish, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; November to Feb- 
ruary. 



v. 



91 



Tlose Harding, 

Rook'^s Nest Apple, see Spice Apple. 

Rosmarinapfel, Weisser Italienische, 

Rostocker (Stetting Rouge.) — Red, oblate, large, 
kitchen, first-rate ; November to May ; resembles 
Norfolk Beaufin. 

Rother Bietigheimer , — Streaked, roundish, large, 
kitchen ; November to February. 

Rother Wiener Sommer ApfeL — Yellowish red, 
pear-shaped, middle-sized, table, second-rate; October, 

Rouge Bruyere. — Cider. 

Rouge de Pentecote. — Red, calville-shaped, mid- 
dle-sized, kitchen ; January to April. 

Rougham Seedling. — Greenish red, oblate, small, 
table, second-rate ; December. 

Round, 

Round Head, — Green, roundish, middle-sized, kit- 
chen ; November to January. 
Rowlinsori s. 

Royal Beacham. — Cider. 

Royal Devon. — Pale yellow, streaked, roundish, 
small, cider ; November to December ; bitter. 
Royal George, 

Royal Jersey — Streaked, roundish, small, cider. 

Royal Mundi, 

Royal Pippin, 

Royal Red, Hunfs, 

Royal Somerset, see London Pippin. 

Royal Wilding. — Yellow, conical, small, cider, first- 
rate ; December. A shy bearer, from Herefordshire, 
but one of this name in Devonshire has been much 
celebrated. 

Royale d' Angleterre, see Herefordshire Pearmain. 
Royal Rouge d'Hiver, 
Rumsche Kruger, see Nonnette. 
Ruby, Winter, — Red, roundish, middle-sized, in- 
different ; December to February ; bright colour. 



92 



RiisseVs, 

Russet, AcMam^s. — ^Below middle size^ round and 
flat ; yellowisli green and russet, good, table ; Norem- 
ber to February. A Yorkshire apple. 

Russet, Aromatic, see Spice Apple. 

Russet, Bath. Russet, Bishop^s, 

Russet, Bowyej'^s (Bowyer's Golden Pippin.) — Yel- 
low russet, roundish, oval, small, table, first-rate ; Sep- 
tember ; shoots canker. 

Russet, Boston (Eoxbury Russet, Shippen's Russet 
of some). — Russet, roundish, middle-sized, table, 
first-rate ; January to April. Of excellent quality, with 
a Ribston Pippin flavour. 

Russet, Bowne's Imjierial. 

Russet, Burgundy, 

Russet, By son Wood, see By son Wood. 
Russet, Caraway, 

Russet, French (French Reinette, French Pippin) . 
— Russet, roundish, middle-sized, kitchen; November 
to December. 

Russet, Golden (Golden Mundi of some). — Rus- 
set, ovate, middle-sized, table and kitchen ; first-rate ; 
December to March. Requires a good situation. 

Russet, Harvey. 

Russet, Irish, see Sam Young. 

Russet, Knobby (Winter, Old Maids). — Russet, 
oval, small, table, first-rate; December to March. 
Surface thickly coated with russet and remarkably 
uneven. 

Russet, Mignonne, 

Russety Morris' s Nonpareil , — Russet, oblate, small, 
table, first-rate ; November to February. 
Russet, More's, 

Russet, Pitmaston Nonpareil (Russet-coated Non- 
pareil). — Russet, oblate, small, table, first-rate ; De- 
cember to February. Not handsome, but exceedingly 
rich and brisk flavoured. 



93 



Russet, Nine Partners Little, — Green russet, oval, 
small, table, first-rate ; J anuary to May. 
Russet, Orange, 

Russet, Patch's. — Russet, oval, small, table, se- 
cond-rate ; November to December. 
Russet, Pile's, 
Russet, Plough Keepsie, 

Russet, PoivelVs. — Russet, roundish, small, table, 
first-rate ; November to February. 

Russet, Rawlins Fine Red Streak, 

Russet, Roxherry, see Boston Russet. 

Russet, Royal (Passe Pomme du Canada, Reinette 
du Canada Grise, Reinette du Canada Platte, Leather- 
coat). — Russet, conical, large, kitchen, first-rate ; 
November to May. Becomes soft unless kept in 
pure sand ; tree bears well. 

Russet, St. Helena, see Reinette du Canada. 

Russet, Sandy's, — Russet, oblate, small, table, 
second-rate ; November to February. 

Russset, Scarlet, 

Russet, Scotch, 

Russet, Skippen's, 

Russet, ditto, see Boston Russet. 

Russet, Sison's, 

Russet, Sweet. — Red russet, roundish, small, table, 
second-rate ; November to December. 

Russet, Sweeting. — Russet, roundish, middle-sized, 
kitchen ; January to March. 

Russet, Swinden's Table. 

Russet, Syke House (Syke House). — Russet, oblate, 
small, table, first-rate ; November to February. Par- 
ticularly deserving of cultivation. Raised at Syke 
House, in Yorkshire. 

Russet, Wareham s. 

Russet, Wheeler s. — Green russet, oblate, middle- 
sized, kitchen and table, first-rate ; November to 
April. 



94 



Russet^ White. — An Irish apple. Large, angular, 
yellow, white and russet, table, good ; November and 
December. 

Russeting^ Cooper^s, 

Riisseting, Long Island, 

Russeting, Mr, Keen's Small. 

Russetingy White, 

Russeting Winter. 

Russian. 

Russian, see Court-pendu Plat and Summer Gilli- 
flower. 

Russian Emperor, see Alexander. 
Russian Transparent. 

Rymer (Caldwell, Green Cossings, Newbold's Duke 
of York, Newbold' s Admiral Duncan). — Pale green- 
ish red, roundish, large, kitchen, first-rate ; December 
to April. Keeps very firm, and contains a brisk sharp 
juice. Raised by Mr. Rymer, of Thirsk, Yorkshire. 

Sabine (of the French). 

Sabine (of the Fleming's), see Gravenstein. 

Sack. 

Sack, Herefordshire. 
Sack Apple, see Devonshire Quarrenden. 
Sack-and- Sugar, — Yellow, roundish, small, kitchen 
and table, second-rate ; August ; good bearer. 
Sacomb, Flemish. 
Saint Andrew. 
Saint Germain, 

De Saint Julien (Seigneur d'Orsay).— Greenish- 
yellow, roundish, large, table, first-rate ; December to 
March. Bears well. 

Saint Laurance, — Yellow, oblate, small, table, se- 
cond-rate ; August to September ; cankers. 

Saint Ma7y's Pippin, see Downton. 

De Saint Louis, 

Saint Martinzoeable. 

Saint Michael's Pippin. 



95 



De Saint Nover. — Cider. 

Saint Patrick's Sweeting, — Yellow, oblate, small, 
table, indifferent ; August to September. 

Salopian, — Pale green, oblate, middle-sized, kitchen, 
first-rate ; October to December. Good bearer. 

Sa^n's Crab, see Longville's Kernel. 

Sa7n Rawling's, see Hoary Morning. 

Sam Young (Irish Eusset). — Russet, oblate, small, 
table, first-rate ; November to February. Rich and 
high flavoured. An Irish apple. 

Sanguineum, see de Neige. 

Sang Tardif, 

Sapling Bark, — Yellow, oval, small, indifferent ; 
August. 

Saru Sinap. 

Be Sauge. — Yellow, brownish red, oblate, middle- 
sized, cider ; November to February. A bitter-sweet. 
Scarlet Admirable, Kirke's, see Hollandbury. 
Scarlet Ferfume, see Cole. 
Savelows, 

Scarlet Weeper, — Streaked, conical, middle-sized, 
table, indifferent ; November to December. 

Schafer, — Greenish red, roundish, small, table, 
second-rate ; December to January. Resembles the 
Scarlet Nonpareil. 

Schweitzer Schlotter ApfeL 

Scudamore's Crab, see Herefordshire Red Streak. 
Sea Cliff, — Green, oblong, large, kitchen, second- 
rate ; October to J anuary . 
Schiebich, 
Schyers, Pippin. 
Sedan, 

Sedgejield, — Streaked, round, middle-sized, second- 
rate ; December to February. 

Seek-no-further, see Yorkshire Greening. 
Seek-no-further, American, see Rumbo. 
Seaside Lemon, 



96 



Seigneur Orsay^ see Saint Julien. 
De Seigneur Rouge, see d'Adam, 
Du Serail, 
Shaw Green. 

Shepherd's Fame, — Like Blenheim Pippin. 
Shepherd's Newington, — Streaked, roundish, large, 
kitchen ; October to November. Does not keep well. 
Sheep's Nose (Bullock's Pippin, Long Tom.) 
Shireling, see Lancashire Gap. 
Sho7Toc/c's Table Fruit, 

Shiistoke Pippin, — Yellowish red, oblate, middle- 
sized, kitchen, indifferent ; December. 
Siberian Harvey, 

Siberian Sugar, — Yellow, roundish, small, cider, 
first-rate ; December to January. Flesh orange, 
juice highly saccharine. 

Siben Schlafer, — Pale yellow, oblong, middle- 
sized, indifferent ; November to January. 

Silverling, — Pale green, conical, large, kitchen ; 
November to March. 

ShyipJcin, 

Simpso7i's Seedling, — Green, ovate, middle-sized, 
table, second-rate ; January to April. 
Sine-qua-non, 
Sir Thomas Goivers, 

Sir Walter Blackefs Favourite, see Edinburgh 
Cluster. 

Sir William Gibloris, 

Sir William Parker's, — Like a Golden Pippin, 
Sklenkory, 

Slade's Pippin, — Pale brownish red, ovate, small, 
table, second-rate. 

Solebury Cider, see Buk's County. 

Somerset Lasting, — Pale yellowish red, oblate, 
large, kitchen ; October to February. 

Sommer Kleiner, 

Sommer Koning, 



\ 



97 



Sonnette. — Greenish yellow, ovate, middle-sized, 
cider. A bitter-sweet. 

South Carolina Pippin, — Yellow, roundish, large, 
kitchen ; December. 

Sour Rawlings. 

Sovereign, — Tellow, pear-shaped, middle-sized, in- 
different ; October. 
Sparraw Pippin, 

Spatblukende (Moetapfel a Fleurs Tardives). — 
Streaked, oblong, middle-sized, kitchen ; Novembei 
to December. 

Spice Apple (liromatic Russet, Brown ilpple of 
Burnt Island, Book's Nest Apple, Brown Spice, 
Burnt Island Pippin. — Russet, conical, middle-sized, 
table, second-rate ; October. Good bearer. 

Spice, Early, 

Spice, Scarlet, 

Spice, Sweeting, 

Spicewood, 

Spiesslinger, 

Spitzemherg (Esopus (Spitzemberg Flushing), ^ — 
Bed, oblong, middle-sized, kitchen and table, first- 
rate ; requires a south wall ; November to January. 
x\n American apple. 

Spitzemherg, Kaigns. — Pale red, conical, middle- 
sized, indifferent ; November to January. 

Spitzemherg, Newtown (Matchless). — Yellowish 
red, roundish, middle-sized, kitchen and table, second- 
rate ; November to February. Very handsome. An 
American apple, introduced by Mr. Cobbett. 

Spitzemherg, PovmaVs, 

Spitzemherg, White, 

Spotted Pippin, 

Standard, 

Staunton Pippin, 

Stead's Kernel, — Cider. 

Stern ApfeL 

H 



98 



Stettin Pippin, see Dutcli Mignonne. 
Stettin Jaune, — ^Yellow, roundish, large, kitchen ; 
January to June. Bears abundantly, 
Stettin Rouge, see Rostocker. 
Stelsted Pippin. 
Stetchworth Seedling, Baylei/s, 
Stetchworth Seedling, Eaton's, 
Stire, 

Stire, Red, — Streaked, roundish, small, cider, first- 
rate ; November to January. Austere. 

Stire, White. — Pale green, roundish, small, cider, 
first-rate. 

Stirling Castle, 

Stoke Park Pippin, — Very like the Pine-apple. 

Stone Pippin, — Pale yellow, oblate, middle-sized, 
table, first-rate ; January to April. Handsome. 

Stone Pippin, Norfolk (White Stone Pippin, "White 
Pippin, Winter Stone Pippin). — Pale greenish yellow, 
oblong, middle-sized, kitchen, table, second-rate ; 
November to July. Yahiable for its long keeping. 
A Norfolk apple. 

Stone Pippin, see Gogar Pippin. 

Stony Royd Pippin, — Yellow, roundish, middle- 
sized, kitchen and table, first-rate ; January to April. 

Straat, — Greenish yellow, roundish, middle-sized, 
table, first-rate ; December to April. Resembling 
Newtown Pippin. Tree disposed to canker. 

Strawberry, Early » 

Strawberry, Summer. 

Strawberry, Winter. 

Strode House Pippin, — Yellow, roundish, muddle- 
sized, table, second-rate : November. 

Strifling d'Hiver, see D'Astem. 

Striped Holland Pippin, see Lincolnshire Holland 
Pippin. 

Striped June. 

Stub ton Pippin. 



99 



Sturmer Pippin, Greenish yellow and brown, 

conical, midcUe-sized, kitchen and table, first-rate ; 
February to June. Brisk flavour. 

Stuttgarter Gaishirtel, see WugsdorfPer. 

Sudbury Beauty, — Yellow, roundish, small, table, 
first-rate ; October to January. 

Sugar f Siberian. 

Sugarloaf Pijjpin (Hutching' s Seedling, Dolgoi 
Squozni — Long transparent). — Green, oblong, mid- 
dle-sized, kitchen ; August. A Russian apple, from 
the Taurida Gardens. 

Summer Hedging. — Red, roundish, small, cider. 

Summer Pippin^ see Margaret and Summer Golden 
Pippin. 

Summer Queen. — Pale yellowish red, roundish, 
middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate; August to Sep- 
tember. 

Summer Rose. — Yellowish red, oblate, small, kit- 
chen and table, second-rate ; August. 

Summer Stibbert (Summer Queening of some, 
Avant Tout, Hative) . — Yellow, conical, large, kitchen, 
second-rate ; August. Good bearer. 

Summer Traveller^ see Early Red Margaret. 

Superieure. 

Superintendent en. 

Superintendent Prachtvoll Reinette, 
Siupinse, 

Sussex. — Pale greenish red, oblate, middle-sized, 
table, second-rate ; November. 
Svinels, Swaar, 

Swedish Early Sauce. — Streaked, conical, middle- 
sized, kitchen, second-rate ; August. 
Swedish Golden, 

Sweet Lading. — Streaked, oblate, middle-sized, 
cider, second-rate ; November. 

Sweet Little Wilding (Zoete Wildjes). — Small, 
cider. 

H 2 



100 



Sioeet Pippin (of the Americans), see Red Sweet 
Pippin. 

Sweeting, Large Green, 

Sweeting, Large Red Winter, see Red Sweet 
Pippin. 

Sweet Pippin, — Yellow, ovate, small, cider ; Octo- 
ber to November. 
Siveet Topaz, 
Sweeting, Large Striped, 
Syke House, see Syke House Russet. 
Taffitai, see Transparent d'Astrachan. 
Tankard, Old, 
Tankerton, 

Tankerville, — Streaked, roundish, small, indiffer- 
ent; September. 
Tanner s, 
Tardfleur, — Cider. 
Taunton, se Pomeroy. 
Tay Side Pippin, 

Ten Shillings, — Russet, red, oblate, middle-sized, 
table, second-rate ; November. 

Tenter den Park, — Yellowish red, roundish, small, 
table, first-rate ; October to February. 

TerwhibS Goliath, 

Tete du Chat, 

Tete du Chat (of Jersey), see Round Catshead. 

Streaked, oblong, middle-sized, table, 
second-rate ; August to September. Handsome. 
Tewkshury, Winter Blush, 
Thickset, see Cluster Golden Pippin. 
ThompsoiiL s, 

Thorle, Summer (Whorle Pippin, Watson's New 
Nonesuch, Paradise of some).— Pale yellowish red, 
oblate, middle-sized, table, first-rate ; August to Sep- 
tember. A very handsome apple. 

Thorle, Winter, 

Toilet, see De Longbois. 



101 



Thoreshy Seedling, — Red, pear-shaped, middle- 
sized, table ; January to April. 
Tockington Ruby, — Cider. 
Tom Potter. 

Tom Put. Top. 

Tonnelle. 

Tontigne. 

Torhroris. 

Tower of Glammis (Glammls Castle, Late Carse of 
Gowrie). — Greenish yellow, conical, large, kitchen, 
first-rate ; November to January. 

Transiparent^ see De Glace. 

Transparent Astrachan (Taffitai). 

Transparent d' Christ. 

Transparent Green. 

Transparent i Wood's Keiv, see Court of Wick. 

Transparent de Moscovie, see White Astrachan. 

Transparent de Zurich. — Pale yellow, conical, mid- 
dle-sized, cider ; September to October. Good bearer. 

Traveller. — Streaked, oblate, middle-sized, table, 
indifferent. 

Traverses, see Ribston Pippin. 

Trarelling Queen. — Streaked, roundish, middle- 
sized, indifferent ; November to January. 

Trianon Superbe. 

TroughtovL s. 

Trinnpington (Eve Apple, Delaware) . — Red, oblate, 
small, table, second-rate ; September to December. 
Tschelebi. 

Turk's Cap. — Cider. 
Turc Vert. 

Tulip (Tulp, Tulpen). — Red, ovate, middle-sized, 
table, second-rate ; November to April. A Dutch 
apple of a very bright red colour, and a good bearer. 

Turpin. — Yellow, ovate, middle-sized, kitchen; 
November to May. 

Twin Cluster Pippin^ see Cluster Golden Pippin. 



102 



Ttirckenhain, — Streaked, broad, conical, large, kit- 
clien ; September to October. 

Two Yearling. — Yellow, roundish, small, table, se- 
cond-rate ; May to July. 

JJffington Fijopin. 

Underleaf. — Yellowish red, oblate, middle-sized, 
second-rate ; December. 
TJnderleaf, Herefordshire. 
Valentine. 

Valley field Fijjj^in. — Greenish red, oblate, middle- 
sized, table, second-rate ; September. Good bearer. 

Vandervere. — Yellowish red, oblate, middle-sized, 
kitchen and cider, second-rate ; December to March. 

Van Dyne, see Woolman's Long. 

Vater Apfel ohue Kerne, 

Veiny Pippin. — Brownish green, roundish, middle- 
sized, indifferent ; October to January. Great bearer. 
Venus Pippin. 

Verte Mure. Vertue. 

Violette, Pomnie (Yiolette de Quartre Gouts, Gros 
Pomme Noire d'Amerique, Red Calville of some). — 
Dark red, conical, large, kitchen, second-rate ; Octo- 
ber to March. Moderate bearer, fruit covered with 
bloom like a plum. 

Virginia Favourite. 

Wach's Apfel. — Pale yellow, oblong, middle-sized, 
cider ; October to December. 

Wadhurst Pippin (Wahner Court, see Northern 
Greening). — Yellow and brownish red, roundish, large, 
kitchen, first-rate ; October to February. 

Walthani Pippin. 

Waltham Abbey Seedling (Docter Harvey of some). 
— Yellow, roundish, large, kitchen, first-rate ; Sep- 
tember to January. Fruit handsome. Requires but 
little sugar ; tree a good bearer. Raised in 1810 
from a seed of the Golden Noble, by Mr. Barnard, 
of Waltham Abbey. 



103 



Wanderer, 
Warren, 

Warwickshire Grreening, 

Warwickshire Pippin, see Wyken Pippin. 

Wasserliager, — Greenish yellow, streaked, round- 
ish, large, cider ; September to April. 

Watch Apple, see Cambusnethan Pippin. 

Watson's Dumpling — Streaked, roundish, large, 
kitchen, first-rate ; October to February. 

Wax, 

Weisbrod, 

Weisser Bietigheimer, 

Weeks Pippin, see Court of Wick. 

Wellbank's Constant Bearer, — Yellowish red, 
roundish, ovate, middle-sized, kitchen, second-rate; 
November to January. 

Wellington, see Dumelow's Seedling. 

Welsh Pippin, — Yellow, calville-shaped, middle- 
sized, kitchen ; November to January. 

West Grinstead Pippin. — Green streaked, round- 
ish, middle-sized, table, second-rate ; November to 
April ; does not shrivel. 

WetherelV s White Sweeting, — Yellow, roundish, 
middle-sized, cider ; September ; a sweet cider apple. 

WherneVs Pippin. — Yellow, pear-shaped, middle- 
sized, kitchen, second-rate ; December to March. 

White Cos tin. 

White Faster, — Pale yellow, pear-shaped, middle- 
sized, kitchen ; January to April. 
White Hyde Pippin, 

White Loaf, — Yellowish red, oblate, large, kitchen. 
White Letham Pippin, 
White Lily, see Devonshire Buckland. 
White Pippin, see Norfolk Stone Pippin. 
White Seal, — Pale yellow, oblong, large, kitchen ; 
September ; of little value. 

White Sour, see Devonshire White Sour. 



104 



Whitmore Pippin, — Yellow, conical, large, kitchen, 
second-rate ; December to January. 

Whorle Pippin, see Summer Thorle. 

William, — Yellow, oblate, middle-sized, table, cider, 
second-rate ; November to January. 

Winchester. 

Williams^ s Favourite. 

Williams'' s Pippin. 

William, Prince. 

Windham^ s Pippin. 

Windham's Seedling, — Yellow, oblate, middle-sized, 
kitchen, indifferent ; November to March. 

Wine, — Yellow, oblate, middle-sized, cider; De- 
cember. 

Wine, Green. 

Wine, Red. 

Wine, Vandervousfs White. 
^ Wine, White. 

Wine, Sops of, — Red, roundish, middle-sized^ 
cider ; October to February. 

Wine Sop, Winter. 

Wine Sop, American, — Red, roundish, middle-sized, 
kitchen, second-rate ; December to April. 
Wine, Spitzemherg , 



Wintef, see Knobby Russet. 
Winter Bogge, Zoete. 
Winter Colman (Norfolk Colman, Norfolk Stor- 
ing^— Yellowish red, roundish, middle-sized, kitchen, 
filli^ate ; November to April. A Norfolk apple, 
'Winter Greening, 

Winter Majetin, — Green and brownish red, round- 
ish, large, kitchen, first-rate ; January to May ; tree 
hardy, not subject to the attacks of insects • A Nor- 
folk apple. 

Winter Pippin, 

Winter Scarlet. — Red, calville-shaped, middle-sized, 
kitchen; November to January. 




105 



Winter Stone Pippin, see Norfolk Stone Pippin. 

Winter Wm^den, — Streaked russet, roundish, mid- 
dle-sized, kitchen, second-rate ; December to Febru- 
ary. 

Wire Wood. 

Wise Apple, 

Wit ham's Pippin, 

Witte Wyn. — Pale green, roundish, middle-sized, 
cider ; October to November. 

Woodcock, see Northern Greening. 

Woodcock, New, — Streaked, roundish, middle-sized, 
cider ; December to January. 

Wood's Hundington, see Court of AVick. 

Woodstock Pippin, see Blenheim Pippin. 

Wood's Greening, — Green, conical, middle-sized, 
kitchen and table, second-rate ; January to May. 

WoolmarCs Long (Ortley, Van Dyne). — Yellow, 
oblong, middle-sized, kitchen and table, first-rate ; 
December to April ; excellent in a good situation. 
From New Jersey, in N. America. 

Wollaton Pippin, see Court-pendu Plat. 

Wormsley Pippin (Knight's Codlin). — Pale green, 
roundish, middle-sized, kitchen and table, first-rate ; 
September to October. Raised by Mr. ^night, at 
Wormsley Grange. \ 

WugsdorJ^er {StuttgaTter Gaishirtel). 

Wydoge, — Yellowish red, conical, middle-sized; 
second-rate. 

Wyken Pippin (Warwickshire Pippin, Girkin 'Pip- 
pin, Arley) . — Yellow, oblate, small, table, second- 
rate ; December to April; has been confused with 
Wyker Pippin, but is very different. Raised at Wyken, 
near Coventry, by a Lord Craven. A great favourite 
in Warwickshire. 

Wyker Pippin, see Golden Reinette. 

Wygers, see Golden Reinette. 

YelloWy see Court of Wick. 



106 



Telloiv Bought Large Early. — Yellow, roundish, 
large, kitchen, first-rate ; August to September. 
Yellow Harvest, see Early Harvest. 
Yellow Harvest, Large* 
Yellow Pippin, 
Yellow SeggideUy 
Young Pippin, 

Young's Seedling, — Greenish red, roundish, mid- 
dle-sized, kitchen and table, second-rate ; January to 
June. 

Yorkshire Greening (Coates's, Seek-no-further of 
some, Yorkshire Goose Sauce). — Green, oblate, 
large, kitchen, first-rate ; October to January ; apt 
to speck, yet much esteemed for kitchen use. 

Yorkshire Greening, Woolaton, 

Zoete Blanke, — Yellow, calville-shaped, small, 
cider, second-rate ; October to March. 

Zoete Champagne, — Russet, roundish, small, cider, 
second-rate ; November to January ; a sweet russet. 

Zoete Kandy, — Yellowish red, roundish, middle- 
sized, second-rate ; December to January. 

Zoete Kantjis. 

Zoete J open Uoode, 

Zoete Peter Lely, — Russet, oblate, small, table, 
first-rate ; November to February. 

Zoete Wildjes, see Sweet Little Wilding. 
Zoete Raboise, 
Zoete Vene. 
Zurihel, 



APPLES USED AS STOCKS. 

English Paradise, 
French Paradise, 
Boucin (of the French). 
Wild Crab. 



\ 



107 



SELECTION OF APPLES FOR THE CLIMATE OF 
LONDON. 

Dessert Sorts, 
Early Red Margaret . . ripens in August. 



In situations where the Ribston Pippin is known to 
canker, the Herefordshire Pearmain may be substi- 
tuted ; and, with this alteration, the above selection 
is presumed to be suitable for the climates of Edin- 
burgh and Dubhn. For additional choice and trial, 
the following are highly deserving of notice as dessert 
apples of approved excellence : — 

Large Golden Bough, or Early Harvest, ripens in the 



Devonshire Quarrenden . . 

Oslin 

Summer Golden Pippin . . 
Kerry Pippin 
Wormsley Pippin 
King of the Pippins 
Hughes's Golden Pippin 
Pearson's Plate . . 
Ribston Pippin . . 
Downton Nonpareil 



Aug. and Sept. 
Aug. and Sept. 
Aug. and Sept. 
Sept. and Oct. 
Sept. and Oct. 
Oct. and Jan. 
Dec. and Feb. 
Dec. and Mar. 
Nov. and Mar. 
Dec. April, or 



May. 



EDINBURGH AND DUBLIN. 



beginning of August. 



Golden Reinette 
Golden Harvey 
Scarlet Nonpareil 



Jan. and March 



Oct. and Jan. 
Dec. and May 



Braddick's Nonpareil 
Old Nonpareil. . 



Jan. and April. 
Jan. and May. 



KITCHEN APPLES SUITED FOR THE GENERAL 
CLIMATE OF BRITAIN. 

From the following sorts of kitchen apples, suit- 



108 



able for the general climate of Britain, a supply may 
be obtained throughout the year : — 

Hawthornden Alfreston. 

Blenheim Pippin Brabant. 

Bedfordshire FoundUng Northern Greening 

FOR THE NORTH OF SCOTLAND. 

Dessert, — Oshn, Early Bed Margaret, Pitmaston 
Nonpareil, Wormsley Pippin, Bibston Pippin, Bax- 
ter's Pearmain, Court of Wick, Clay gate Pearmain, 
Pearson's Plate, Braddick's Nonpareil, Scarlet Non- 
pareil, Sturmer Pippin. 

For Kitchen use. — Dumelow's Seedling, Tower of 
Glammis, Kesmck Codlin, Hawthornden, Bedford- 
shire Foundling, Bound Winter Nonesuch, Mere de 
Menage, Northern Greening, Boyal Busset, Waltham 
Abbey Seedling, Yorkshire Greening, Bymer. 

For Walls. — Golden Pippin, Golden Harvey, 
Bibston Pippin, and Nonpareil. 

For Espaliers and Dwarf Standards, the 
same as for Walls, together with King of the Pippins, 
Newtown Pippin, Court of Wick, Scarlet Nonpareil, 
Downton Pippin. 



PBOPAGATION. 

By Seed. — The apple pip never gives birth to a 
seedling tree yielding fruit like that of its parent; 
and, which is still more strange, every pip from the 
same apple will produce a seedling differing from the 
others. The vast majority of seedlings are mere 
crabs ; but care and judgment in selecting the parents 



109 



of which the good quaUties are required to be united 
in the offspring, will partially obviate this tendency 
of returning to the original wilding. 

The sorts of apples proper for crossing or recipro- 
cal impregnation, appear to be those which have a 
great many qualities in common, but some different 
qualities. Thus the Golden Pippin has been crossed 
so as to produce a good offspring, by other Pippins 
or Rennets, and not by Calvils or Codlings. A small 
sized apple, crossed by a large sort, will be more cer- 
tain of producing a new variety than the above mode, 
but will be almost equally certain of producing a va- 
riety destitute of valuable quahties. Mr. Knight's 
mode of cutting out the stamens of the blossoms to 
be impregnated, and, afterwards, when the stigmas 
are mature, introducing the pollen of that intended 
for the male parent, is unquestionably the most sci- 
entific mode of performing the operation. In this 
way he produced those excellent apples, the Downton, 
Red and Yellow Ingestrie, and Grange Pippins, from 
the same parents, viz., the seed of the Orange Pippin 
impregnated by the pollen of the Golden Pippin. 
The Bringwood Pippin he produced from the Golden 
Pippin, impregnated with the pollen of the Golden 
Harvey apple. 

In crossing to produce new varieties, some fixed 
purpose should be adhered to, and prosecuted accord- 
ingly. Thus, if a dessert apple is desired, flavour 



110 



must of course form the most prominent object ; and 
that flavour must be accompanied by abundance of 
juice, or the produce will be worthless. Nothing can 
redeem the want of the latter quaUty, for we are ac- 
quainted with apples equal in flavour to the celebrated 
Ribston Pippin, and yet we cannot place them on the 
table through the absence of the latter property. 
Keeping properties should, moreover, be ever kept in 
view, unless the object be to produce a good early 
apple. With regard to the juicy qualities, we would, 
above all, recommend frequent trials with the Old 
Nonpareil as one parent, for, up to the present pe- 
riod, we believe it to be unrivalled as to the abund- 
ance and various characters of its juice, and that up 
to a very late period in the spring. Mellowness or 
tenderness of texture is also another great considera- 
tion, for few like a hard-fleshed apple. The Kerry 
Pippin is perhaps the highest flavoured autumn apple 
in the country, and had it the mellow texture of the 
Nonpareil it would stand unrivalled in every respect ; 
it is, however, hard, and this is indeed its only fault. 
Bearing properties should also be kept in view, for 
bad bearers are by no means to be tolerated in these 
days, when so much choice exists. ^^Tien the object 
is to produce a good kitchen apple, good baking or 
boiling properties must of course stand first on the 
list ; and next to this, we should say, long keeping 
and prolific habits. The John apple, or, as it is 



Ill 



called by the Horticultural Society of London, the 
Northern Greening, is the best baking and longest 
keeping apple we have. This might well be selected 
as the parent, on one side, of a superior kitchen 
apple : it is, moreoTcr, of very sound constitution. 

We would strongly advise that little crossing should 
take place between kitchen and table apples ; the 
produce of such can only in the main tend to confuse : 
the country is full of such apples, which, in general, 
possess no decided character. 

The pips of apples that will not keep until the 
spring are best sown in the autumn, but if the apples 
will continue undecayed, the pips should be kept in 
them until March, and then be sown. The largest 
and most convex pips usually produce the most valu- 
able varieties. Sow them in pots or border of light 
rich lo?m ; bury the seed an inch deep, if in a border, 
six inches apart each way. Mr. Loudon says that at 
the end of the year the seedlings should be trans- 
planted into nursery rows, from six inches to a foot 
apart every way. Afterwards they should be removed 
to where they are to produce fruit ; and for this pur- 
pose the greater the distance between the plants the 
better. Tt should not be less than six or eight feet 
every way. The quickest way to bring them into a 
bearing state, Williams of Pitmaston considers, is to 
let the plants be furnished with lateral shoots, from 
the ground upwards, so disposed as that the leaves 



112 



of the upper shoots may not shade those situated 
underneath, pmuing away only trifling shoots. By 
this mode, fruit may be had from seedling apples at 
four, fire, and six years of age, instead of waiting 
eight, ten, and even fifteen years, by the usual mode 
of planting close, and pruning to naked stems. 

Mr. Macdonald, a distinguished gardener in Scot- 
land, has also succeeded in obtaining fruit from seed- 
lings at an early period by grafting, already stated as 
one of the uses of that mode of propagation. In 
1808, he selected some blossoms of the Nonpareil, 
which he impregnated vriih the pollen of the Golden 
Pippin and of the Newtown Pippin. ^Vhen the 
apples were fully ripe, he selected some of the best, 
from which he took the seeds, and sowed them in 
pots, which he placed in a frame. He had eight or 
nine seedlings, which he transplanted into the open 
ground in the spring of 1809. In 1811 he picked 
out a few of the strongest plants, and put them singly 
into pots. In spring, IS 12, he observed one of the 
plants shewing fruit-buds. He took a few of the 
twigs and grafted them on a healthy stock on a wall, 
and in 1813 he had a few apples. The third year 
(1816) his seedlings yielded several dozens, and also 
his grafts ; and he mentions that the apples from the 
grafts were the largest. 

If the length of time which has hitherto been re- 
quired to cause seedling fruits to blossom, could be 



113 



limited to two or three years, we have no doubt that 
many more persons would be tempted to raise seed- 
lings, and the sure consequence would be a vast acces- 
sion of new and useful fruits ; for who shall place a 
limit either as to size or quality ? We do think 
that the thing may be accomplished in much less 
time by a due consideration of the conditions neces- 
sary in order to produce fructification. A sudden check 
after excessive luxuriance is a well-known promoter of 
fructiferous habits. We would, therefore, grow the 
young seedlings for two years in the richest loam ima- 
ginable, specially prepared. We would, in the third 
year, transplant them into a poorer soil, giving them 
plenty of room, and, of course, a perfect exposure to 
light ; and we would, at the same time, graft some 
scions from them on the healthiest old trees in the 
garden ; selecting those known to be great bearers, 
and placing the scions at the extremity of the principal 
shoots. 

Mr. Knight states that the width and thickness of 
the leaf generally indicates the size of the future 
apple, but will by no means convey any correct idea 
of the merits of the future fruit. When these have 
the character of high cultivation, the qualities of the 
fruit will be far removed from those of the native 
species ; but the apple may be insipid or highly fla- 
voured, green or deeply coloured, and of course well 
or ill-calculated to answer the purposes of the planter. 

I 



114 



An early blossom in the spring, and an early change 
of colour in the autumnal leaf, would naturally be 
supposed to indicate a fruit of early maturity, but Mr. 
Knight was never able to discover any criterion of this 
kind on which the smallest dependence may be placed. 
The leaves of some varieties will become yellow and 
fall off, leaving the fruit green and immature ; and 
the leaves in other kinds will retain their verdure long 
after the fruit has perished. The plants whose buds 
in the annual wood are full and prominent are usually 
more productive than those whose buds are small and 
shrunk in the bark ; but their future produce will de- 
pend much on the power the blossoms possess of 
bearing the cold, and this power varies in the varieties, 
and can only be known from experience. Those which 
produce their leaves and blossoms rather early in the 
spring are generally to be preferred, for, though they 
are more exposed to injury from frost, they less fre- 
quently suffer from the attacks of insects — the more 
common cause of failure. The disposition to vegetate 
early or late in the spring, is, like almost every other 
quality in the apple tree, transferred in different de- 
grees to its offspring ; and the planter must therefore 
seek those qualities in the parent tree which he wishes 
to find in the future seedling plauts. The best 
method Mr. Knight was able to vegetate very early 
in the spring, has been by introducing the farina of the 
Siberian Crab into the blossom of a rich and early 



115 



apple, and by transferring, in the same manner, the 
farina of the apple to the blossom of the Siberian 
Crab. The leaf and the habit of many of the plants 
thus obtained, possess much of the character of the 
apple, whilst they vegetate as early in the spring as 
the crab of Siberia, and possess at least an equal power 
of bearing cold ; and Mr. Knight obtained two plants 
of the family which were quite as hardy as the most 
austere crab of our woods. 

Grafting is the most usual and successful mode of 
propagating established varieties, and whip or tongue 
grafting are those usually adopted. 

Scions, — At whatever season grafts are intended to 
be inserted, the branches which are to form them 
should be taken from the parent stock during the 
winter, and not later than the end of the preceding 
year ; for if the buds have begun to vegetate, in the 
smallest degree, (and they begin with the increasing 
influence of the sun,) the vigour of the shoots, during 
the first season, will be diminished ; and the grafts 
will not succeed with equal certainty ; though a graft 
of the apple-tree very rarely fails, unless by accidental 
injury, or great want of skill in the operator. The 
amputated branches must be kept alive, till wanted, 
by having the end of each planted in the ground, a few^ 
inches deep, in a shady situation. {Knight on Apple, 
55.) 

The scions should be of one-year-old wood, one- 



116 



fourth of an inch in diameter ; four to six inches long, 
and with not less than three buds. One bud should 
be low down at the tongue end of the scion, that is 
of the end inserted into the stock, for we have observed 
that scions having such a bud have generally taken 
the most successfully. 

The part of the tree from whence the scion is taken 
is far from immaterial. The lower branches on the 
south side of the tree, provided they are well exposed 
to the light, and shoots from the main trunk of a 
branch rather than from its spray, are to be greatly 
preferred. Mr. Knight most approved of the shoots 
emitted from the main stem, being of opinion that 

the decay of many varieties (such as the Gilliflower 
Apple, which in my estimation is and always was 
without a rival in the climate of England) might be 
greatly retarded by propagating it from scions which 
have recently sprung from the trunks of old trees, in 
obedience to the instructions of Virgil (whose autho- 
rity is however generally of little value), and probably 
of Hyginus, ^ summa ne pete flagella.' {Trans. 
Hort. Soc. i. 149, N.S.) 

With regard to the opinions here expressed, we 
would say that the selection of scions from new and 
vigorous kinds of strong constitutions and from old 
and partially worn out sorts, are two very different 
affairs. We would always take the scion from a situ- 
ation fully exposed to sunlight, and from the subordi- 



117 



nate parts of trees of too gross a character, or where 
a dwarfing system was intended, and from the strongest 
shoots that could be found in those sorts suspected of 
wearing out. 

Stocks. — Quite equal in importance to the care of 
selecting the scions, are the desirable means of obtain- 
ing proper stocks. A preference has generally, and 
justly, been given to those raised from the seeds of 
the native kind, or crab, as being more hardy and 
durable than those produced from the apple. 

The offspring of some varieties of the crab, parti- 
cularly of those introduced from Siberia, vegetate 
much earlier in the spring than other trees of the 
same species ; and thus the inexperienced planter 
will probably be led to suppose, that such stocks 
would accelerate the vegetation of other varieties in 
the spring, and tend to produce an early maturity of 
the fruit in autumn. In this, however, he will be 
disappointed. The office of the stock is, in every 
sense of the word, subservient ; and it acts only in 
obedience to the impulse it receives from the branches : 
the only qualities, therefore, which are wanting to 
form a perfect stock, are vigour and hardiness. In 
collecting the seeds to sow, it must be remembered 
that the habits as well as the diseases of plants are often 
hereditary, and attention should be paid to the^state 
of the tree from which the seeds are taken ; it should 
be large and of free growth, and rather in a growing 



118 



state than one of maturity or decay. The crab-trees, 

which stand in cultivated grounds, generally grow 
more freely and attain a larger stature than those in 
the woods, and therefore appear to claim a preference. 
The seeds should be taken from the fruit in the au- 
tumn, and sown in beds of good mould an inch deep. 
From these the plants should be removed in the fol- 
lowing autumn to the nursery, and planted in rows of 
three feet distance from each other, and eighteen 
inches between each plant. Being here properly pro- 
tected from cattle and hares, they may remain till 
they become large enough to be planted out; the 
ground being regularly worked and kept free from 
weeds. {Knight on the Ajople, 50.) 

They will have attained a diameter of from half an 
inch to an inch, the size fit for grafting, after having 
from one to two or three years' growth, particularly 
for dwarfs, or even for full and half-standards, if in- 
tended to form the stem from the graft, which is an 
eligible method for these trees ; but if the stock is to 
form the stem, they will require three or four years' 
growth to rise to a proper height ; seven feet for full, 
and four or five for half-standards. 

The stocks thus raised from the seeds of the Crab 
or Wilding apple are called free stocks^ and for full 
standards are much to be preferred ; but for dwarfs, 
half- standards, and wall-trees, the Paradise, or, as the 
French term them, the Boucin stocks are preferable. 



119 



They are preferable because they produce trees much 
less vigorous and free in their growth than are those 
worked on free stocks. Paradise stocks are those 
raised from layers, cuttings, or suckers of cultivated 
apples. Those raised from suckers are frequently 
called Butch Paradise stocks. For moist soils we 
think Paradise stocks are most suitable, and for very 
dry localities, the free stocks. 

Do not disturb the roots of apples intended to be 
grafted the same season ; the check in the first 
instance would render the success of the operation of 
grafting precarious. The branches or stems of trees 
intended to be grafted should be cut back before 
spring. We are quite aware that it has been recom- 
mended to remove the young trees once or twice dur- 
ing the time they remain in the nursery, under the 
idea of increasing the number of their roots : but this 
practice is only eligible with trees which do not 
readily grow when transplanted. Mr. Knight always 
found the growth of young apple-trees to be much 
retarded, and a premature disposition to blossom to 
be brought on by it, and could not afterwards observe 
that those trees, which had been twice removed, grew 
better than others. It has also been supposed that 
many small roots, proceeding immediately from the 
trunk, are in future growth of the tree to be preferred 
to a few large ones ; but as the large roots of necessity 
branch into smaller ones, and probably extend to a 



120 



greater distance, the advantages of more transplanta- 
tions than from the seed-bed to the nursery, and 
thence to the orchard, may reasonably be questioned. 
{Knight on the Apple, 66.) 

In selecting stocks, however, for the apple, it should 
always be borne in mind, that the Paradise stock will 
not answer for the ordinary orchard standard. Apples 
grafted on this stock will never make such large trees 
as those grafted on the free or crab-stock. The Pa- 
radise stocks are therefore peculiarly fitted for a 
dwarfing system, and in this respect well adapted to 
the modern improved kitchen garden. The Paradise 
stock, however, is of rather tender habits, and requires 
a very generous kind of soil. It will not thrive either 
in so clayey, or so sandy, or gravelly a soil as the 
common crab, therefore some caution is necessary in 
adopting it. If any jealousy exists on this head, the 
same end may be obtained by using the free stock, 
and by transplanting it about a couple of years after 
grafting, first encouraging it to grow rather luxuriant. 
In this transplantation all tap roots should be cut away 
if intended for the kitchen garden, and a slight top 
dressing should be applied : this will soon compensate 
for the loss of the tap roots by an increased amount 
of surface fibres, which, holding more sympathy with 
the atmospheric action, will be found eminently con- 
ducive of bearing habits. 

Grafting old Trees, — There are few plantations 



121 



now existing, in which many middle-aged trees, of 
diseased and unproductive varieties, are not to be 
found. These should be immediately regrafted ; but 
unless this operation be performed with more judg- 
ment than usually belongs to the common grafter, it 
will often be fatal to the tree. The grafts will, how- 
ever, almost always succeed during the first three or 
four years, together with the stock. It not unfre- 
quently happens that the scions inserted belong to as 
old, and as diseased, a variety as that which has been 
taken off ; and, in this case, the graft and the stock 
appear to die by mutual consent. When old trees 
are to be grafted, the scions of a very young and 
hardy variety, of extremely vigorous growth, should 
be selected ; and the grafts should be inserted in the 
large branches at some distance from the trunk ; and 
never, vvhere it can be avoided, in the principal stem 
itself. Large scions should be used, for these take a 
deeper and firmer hold of the stock than small ones. 
The thick covering of lifeless external bark should, 
at the same time, or in the succeeding winter, be totally 
pared off, care being taken that the internal bark be 
not anywhere cut through. The effects of this opera- 
ration will be found extremely beneficial to the tree 
in its future growth, and it will not be difficult to trace 
these effects in their cause. From very numerous 
experiments on the ascent and progress of the sap in 
trees, made by means of coloured infusions, and by 



122 



taking up tlie vessels in different parts, Mr. Knight 
was perfectly satisfied that the ascending and de- 
scending fluids are carried to every part of the tree. 
{Knight on the Apple, 85). 

Boot-grafting is easily practised, and it has the 
very strong recommendation of having as its advocate 
Mr. Beaton, the very excellent gardener of Sir W. 
Middle ton, at Shrubland Park, near Ipswich. He 
observes, that Mr. Knight was the first who ascertained 
the possibility of grafting scions on pieces of the roots 
of the same or some allied species with success. 
When he made his experiments on this subject known 
to the Horticultural Society some thirty years since, 
it was looked on merely as an interesting fact in vege- 
table physiology. Subsequently, however, the prac- 
tice began to be extensively employed in the nurseries 
to multiply rare plants, or such as are difficult to pro- 
pagate by the more ordinary means, such as Combre- 
tum purpureum and so forth. Mere propagation of 
rare species is, however, by no means the only object 
to which this mode of grafting can be advantageously 
applied ; another and a still more important one is, 
that by its means we gain one grand step in preventing 
canker in fruit-trees — perhaps the surest step of any 
that has yet been thought of. "We all know that cer- 
tain plants prefer particular soils and dislike others, 
but no one can tell the reason. When a young fruit- 
tree shews symptoms of premature decay or canker. 



123 



the fault, or rather the misfortune, is ascribed in nine 
cases out of ten to the subsoil ; but this is a hasty con- 
cUision. The worst garden or orchard soil in the king- 
dom produces some healthy tree ; if only one, why 
not more of the same species or variety? Simply 
because there is only one of the stocks used in this 
instance which prefers that particular soil. Now, if 
we take pieces of the roots of this particular stock, 
and graft on them, we may reasonably expect that, 
other circumstances being favourable, they will produce 
trees as vigorous and healthy as their parent stock on 
that particular soil, though they might refuse to do 
so on soil which we would think more propitious for 
them. This disposition in trees cannot be scientifi- 
cally explained ; practically we can easily account for 
its effects. Apples and pears are grafted on seedling 
stocks from the seeds of the wild crab, or, what is 
oftener the case, from seeds of the common apples 
and pears, which can be more readily procured. Now, 
seedlings of the apple and pear — indeed, seedlings of 
all sorts — however truly they may perpetuate species 
in the eyes of the botanist, are well known to differ 
from their parents and among themselves in constitu- 
tional pecuharities, and it is not too much to say 
that there are as many different kinds of stocks— that 
is, different constitutionally — for apples and pears in 
one nursery, as there are different soils in the kingdom 
to plant them in : this at once explains why a few 



124 



trees in an orchard are growing vigorously, while all 
the others are cankered or shewing signs of premature 
debility. We may plant, hoe, and drain our soils as 
we may, but nature only provides the suitable stock ; 
and when we meet with even but one tree which 
flourishes in a particular soil, we need not be after- 
wards at a loss for stocks to suit that soil. {Gard, 
Chron, 1841, 179.) 

Suckers are only obtainable for propagation of the 
same variety, or for forming Paradise stocks, from 
maiden trees, that is trees growing on their own roots ; 
from Paradise stocks previously rooted. Maiden or 
other trees apt to throw up suckers are usually called 
Creeping A2:)ples. 

Layering may be resorted to as an unfailing mode 
of propagation with all apples, but as the branches 
are usually too far from the surface for them to be 
bent down to it, circumposition is the plan that may 
be resorted to. This differs from layering only in 
having the soil placed in a vessel and raised to the 
shoot. There are pots called layering pots made for 
this practice, and differing from the common garden 
pot only by having a section about an inch broad cut 
through one side, and to the centre of the bottom, for 
the admission of the shoot or branch. 

i\L Foulup employs small tin cases of a conical 
form, like the upper part of a funnel, two and three- 
quarter inches in length, and two and a sixth inches 



125 



in width at top, narrowing towards the lower part till 
only sufficient room is left for the introduction of the 
shoot or branch intended to be propagated. These 
cones are supported on rods, to which they are secured 
by wire. Commencing with the central branches, the 
leaves are taken from the parts which the tin is in- 
tended to inclose; the branch is cut two-thirds through 
as in layering, and being inclosed by the funnel, the 
latter is well packed with moss. Moisture necessary 
for favouring the emission of roots is supplied by 
means of a bottle, from which the bottom is struck 
off, and the neck furnished with a cork, perforated so 
as to admit a small pigeon's feather or bit of wool 
to form a syphon, by means of which the moss is kept 
in a proper state of moisture. Hard-wooded plants 
are propagated in this way from the middle of May 
till the end of J une ; and the branches are sufficiently 
rooted to be taken off by the end of September. It 
is, however, necessary in all cases, to ascertain whether 
the branches are sufficiently rooted previously to their 
being separated. This is easily done by opening up 
the edges of the tin ; when the branches are found 
to be sufficiently rooted they are potted off without 
removing the moss by which the roots are surrounded. 
Being moderately watered, they are immediately placed 
under glass on a sHght hotbed, and kept shut up for 
a fortnight. They are then gradually exposed, and 
afterwards placed in the shade of large trees, so that 



126 



only half the rays of the sun shall reach them. {Gard, 
Chron,) 

Budding is a mode of propagation rarely adopted 
for the apple, for, although the operation may be 
performed upon stocks much smaller than those re- 
quired for grafting, yet a greater time elapses afterwards 
before they come into bearing than in the case of 
grafted specimens. One advantage of budding is, 
that as three or four buds may be inserted round the 
same branch, a good head to the tree is sooner se- 
cured. July is the best month for budding this 
fruit. 

Cuttings. — We believe that almost all, if not all, 
varieties of the apple may be propagated thus. There 
is no difficulty in making cuttings of the Burr-knot, 
Codlin, and Jenetting varieties, strike root ; and we 
have made those of many other varieties similarly 
strike by merely taking care that at the bottom of 
the annual shoot employed there should be a portion 
of the old wood allowed to remain. Let the cuttings 
be six or eight inches long ; cut off the extreme 
point, and allow no more than two buds at the part 
above the soil to remain, cutting away all the buds 
covered by it. Let the soil be very light, press the 
soil about the cutting, four inches of which should be 
buried by the earth ; water moderately, and cover 
with a hand-glass. If planted in a pot, and plunged 
in a very gentle hotbed, the rooting takes place faster 



127 



and more certainly. Plant the cuttings in February, 
and do not move the hand-glass, except to give water, 
until the rooting is effected. Air may be admitted 
in July, and the glass finally removed in August, and 
the whole transplanted into the nursery rows during 
October. Trees raised from cuttings always are more 
dwarf than those propagated in any other mode, and 
excellent specimens may be thus grown for forcing in 
pots. 

It will now be seen that very similar results will 
be produced by the use of the Paradise stock by lay- 
ering and by cuttings : they all have a tendency to a 
dwarfing system by exchanging tap or deep roots for 
fibrous surface roots. The latter are closely connected 
with habits of fruitfulness, as is well kno^Mi, more es- 
pecially in young trees. 

When the crab stock is employed cur ordinary 
loamy soils will suffice ; when, however, the Paradise 
stock, the layer, or the cutting is employed, the soil 
should receive some manuring in addition. This may 
frequently be apphed as top-dressing, as will be shewn 
hereafter. 

SOIL, SITUATION, AND MANURES. 

The character of the soil is of much importance 
with the apple, more especially in laying the founda- 
tion for a permanent orchard ; for, with regard to es- 
paliers or dwarf standards in kitchen gardens, the 



128 



small amoant required by them, through severe limi- 
tation of the shoots, is easily supplied, by placing the 
trees on prepared platforms, which need not be more 
than about five feet square, and from one to two feet 
in depth of soil, on a bottom of broken stones or 
bricks rammed hard. 

To prepare the soil for a regular orchard, thorough 
drainage is of the utmost importance, providing the 
soil is too retentive of moisture ; indeed, without this, 
disappointment will occur even on the very best of 
soils. The character of the subsoil, therefore, has 
much to do with success in this case. If such be 
retentive of moisture, which will in consequence accu- 
mulate, and keep the surface soil in a sour state, the 
trees will inevitably become covered with moss, and 
liable to canker and decay at the points. In cold 
clayey soils, if the amount of underdraining does not 
prove sufficient, much rain-water may be carried away 
by open gutters. A deep and sound loam, of a rather 
tenacious character, is the best for the ordinary or- 
chard : such, if on a gravelly or stony subsoil, will 
produce fine healthy trees of immense size, if of con- 
siderable depth. Where, however, the subsoil is of 
very damp character, too great a depth is more iojuri- 
ous than otherwise ; and we have known orchards of 
this character a total failm-e through deep trenching 
and manuring. The deep trenching in this case only 
serves to decoy the roots into a most pernicious me- 



129 



dium, choked up with stagnant waters at certain 
periods : thus, at a great depth, the soil becomes 
what is technically termed " soured,'* for the solar 
heat can in this case exercise no ameUorating influ- 
ence. 

In all cases where ground is suspected of being too 
damp, the trees should be planted high ; indeed we 
always plant in such cases at or nearly on the ground 
level, securing a foot at least of soil beneath them, 
and acquiring the desired depth of soil above the 
ground level by throwing the trees on hillocks, or by 
forming continuous ridges with deep furrows between 
to carry off the surface waters. 

Where the soil is too light, sandy, and of a loose 
character, a very different process becomes necessary. 
Here a greater depth may by all means be permitted ; 
indeed, if the soil is of a wholesome charcter, it 
scarcely matters how deep, providing it is not made 
artificially deeper than the top of the substratum : 
this is in all planting a wrong course of proceeding, 
for, when the roots reach the sides of such holes, 
they are forced into subsoil of a very doubtful charac- 
ter. Of com'se draining is out of the question here ; 
on the contrary, means must be taken to secure a 
permanency of moisture during extreme droughts. 
This may be accomplished by mixing marl or clay 
with the loose soil, and by placing such in masses 
beneath the soil, as an artificial substratum* 

K 



130 



This course we have often recommended within the 
last twenty years ; for one portion of the soil in our 
immediate neighbourhood is of this kind ; indeed, be- 
ing on the margins of a large moor, the soil is of a 
very poor and loose character. The small holders 
around this moor were in the habit of digging the 
ground close to the stems of their apple trees, in 
order to grow potatoes ; what they considered making 
the most of their land. We have persuaded many 
to renounce this pernicious practice, and to keep their 
trees in rows, with three feet at least on each side 
totally uncropped, and of course undug. The bene- 
fits under such a change soon become manifest. The 
neighbourhood abounding in marl too, we have per- 
suaded many, in making new plantations, to place 
lumps of marl beneath the trees, and also to blend 
the same material in a loose state all through the 
mass of soil. In addition to this, they collect all the 
lumps of turfy matter they can, weeds, &c., and mix 
them through the mass ; and this course has always 
proved successful even in such a poor locality. 

With regard to manures, we are rather averse to 
their introduction into the body of the soil, unless 
where the object is to obtain large trees in a short 
period, irrespective of their produce for the first few 
years. When such is the object, manuring becomes 
a justifiable course, and it may be introduced liberally. 
For ordinary gardens, however, or small orchard en- 



131 

closures, where either quick returns or a dwarfing 
system are desired, we would abstain from the use of 
manures as much as possible, unless the soil is a poor 
character. Some rotten manures should, however, be 
introduced at planting, in order to give the tree a 
bold start. We would always collect all the old 
weedy turf at hand, ditchings, &c. &c., and blend 
them with the soil : such will conduce more to fruit- 
fulness and a permanency of character than exciting 
manures. \Ye are not aware that any particular kind 
of manure is preferred by the apple : we would use 
them with regard to their effect on the temperature 
and moisture of the soil ; thus, for cold and damp 
soils, we would use horse manure, and for dry and 
parching ones, that of the cow, which latter is always 
understood to retain moisture longer than that of the 
horse. 

When old orchard trees are becoming exhausted, 
manures should by all means be liberally applied as 
top- dressings. In this case it is a good plan to lay 
bare the upper portion of the surface-roots by remov- 
ing a few inches of the surface soil, and then to apply 
a circle of compost of good rotten manure, six inches 
in depth ; or, what would be better, a compost com- 
posed of equal parts manure and sound fresh loam ; 
this, with a liberal thinning of some of the most ex- 
hausted boughs, will throw fresh vigour into half- 
worn trees for many years. 

K 2 



132 



The apple-tree succeeds best in situations which are 
neither high, nor remarkably low. In the former its 
blossoms are frequently injured by cold winds, and in 
the latter by spring frosts, particularly when the trees 
are planted in the lowest part of a confined valley. 
A south, or south-east, aspect is generally preferred, 
on account of the disturbance of the west, and the 
coldness of north winds : but orchards succeed well 
in all aspects ; and where the violence of the west- 
wind is broken by an intervening rise of ground, a 
south-west aspect will be found equal to any. The 
trees attain their largest stature in a deep strong loam ; 
but will grow well in all rich soils, which are neither 
excessively sandy, nor wet. An orchard generally is 
most productive of fruit when it is situated near the 
fold-yard, and is in consequence much trodden and 
manured by the cattle in the winter ; and hence it 
will not unfrequently be found advantageous to plant 
on the site of any old orchard. The ground, how- 
ever, in which old apple-trees have grown, is esteemed 
very unfavourable to young ones. \Mien, from con- 
tiguity to the house, an orchard is planted in this 
kind of ground, the pear and apple should be made 
to succeed each other. The roots of the pear-tree de- 
scend to a greater depth in the ground than those of 
the apple-tree ; and as the stocks of neither of these 
fmits will afford proper nutriment to the other, it 
may be questioned whether their action on the soil be 
perfectly similar. {Knight on the Apple^ 67.) 



133 



The soil best suited to the apple, as already stated, 
is a strong loam, and it should be two feet deep, rest- 
ing on a dry subsoil, and thoroughly drained, for no 
other cause is more productive of canker and mossi- 
ness than stagnant root-moisture. Before planting, 
the ground should be trenched all over full two feet 
deep, and drained throughout, the bottom of the 
main drains being not less than four feet below the 
surface. 

When the soil on which the orchard is to be estab- 
lished is shallower than the depth here named as 
most desirable, no attempt should be made to deepen 
it below the level of the true surface soil. This is a 
fallacious mode of procedure, yet one that we have 
often seen practised, not only with the apple but 
other trees. In such cases, when holes are sunk into 
the subsoil, the tree is circumscribed as though in a 
flower-pot ; and when the roots reach the level of the 
subsoil at the extremity of the holes, ill effects gener- 
ally follow. Where the soil is too shallow, we would 
rather gain the requisite depth above the ordinary 
ground level ; and if the soil is of a very adhesive 
character and damp, this will be found beneficial 
rather than otherwise : if too light and sandy, we 
would strongly advise putting soil of a very stiff cha- 
racter in the bottom of the hole, such as lumps of 
very adhesive loam, marl, or even pure clay. These 
substantial materials will contribute to the stability 



134 



and permanency of the trees during periods of draught, 
by furnishing moisture when the Ught surface soil is 
exhausted. In all cases, it is of much service to place 
stones, brickbats, chalk, or any imperishable materials 
on the subsoil, ramming it hard about six inches in 
thickness ; this will prevent the descent of tap-roots, 
and conduce much to a prolific habit. 



STANDARD OR ORCHARD CULTURE. 

Distance, — The young trees having been trained in 
the nursery with tolerable good heads, they should be 
planted with all their heads entire ; if any are intended 
for the kitchen garden, plant them at least forty feet 
distance ; and, for a full plantation, to form an or- 
chard, allow never less than thirty feet distance every 
way. 

It is impossible, however, to dictate any distance 
as universally applicable, for soil and situation ought 
to have a very controlling influence. Mr. Knight's 
rule is very judicious, where he observes that the dis- 
tance between each row, as well as the space between 
each tree, must depend on the situation and soil. 
When the former is high and exposed, the trees 
should be closely planted to afford each other protec- 
tion ; and when the latter is poor and shallow, their 
growth W'ill of course be diminished, and they will 
consequently require less room. But in low and shel- 



135 



tered situations, and deep rich soils, where the trees 
are Httle exposed to winds, and attain a large size, 
wider intervals must be allowed them. In the former 
instances, a distance of twelve yards between each 
row, and half as much between each tree, will be suffi- 
cient ; in the latter, twenty-four yards between each 
row, and eight between each tree, will not be found 
too much, particularly if the ground be intended for 
tillage after the trees have grown to a considerable size. 
An opinion rather generally prevails at present in fa- 
vour of planting single trees at twenty or twenty-five 
yards distance from each other on arable grounds, 
and specious reasons may be offered in defence of 
this practice. The roots, as well as the branches, are 
at perfect liberty to extend themselves in every direc- 
tion ; but the latter are every way exposed to the 
storms of autumn, and to the cold winds of the 
spring ; and trees of more hardy kinds than the apple 
are well known to grow much better when planted 
near enough to afford each other protection, than 
when totally insulated. It might be supposed that 
trees growing in distant rows will not regularly occupy 
the whole surface of the ground with their roots, but 
these always extend far beyond the branches, and will 
meet across very wide intervals. Closely planted 
orchards, where the trees afford each other protection, 
will ever be found most productive in a climate which 
is as subject as ours to great and sudden changes of 



136 



temperature ; but, nevertheless, there are situations 
in which single trees, particularly such whose growth 
is tall and aspiring, will best pay the planter and the 
community. When the branches of a single tree are 
raised moderately high from the ground by the length 
of the stem, the whole of the herbage beneath it re- 
ceives, during some part of the day, the full influence 
of the sun ; and it is in consequence as readily eaten 
by stock of every kind, as the produce of any other 
part of the field. There are instances in which five 
or six trees, regularly dispersed over an acre of pas- 
ture, have been highly beneficial ; and Mr. Knight 
never saw any instance in which such a number has 
been any way injurious. Six of such trees, where 
the ground is good, and the variety properly chosen, 
will annually afford a produce of more than a hundred 
gallons of cider, which will generally be found to ex- 
ceed in value the rent of the ground which produced 
it. Where the mode of cultivation will admit, the 
rows should always extend from north to south, as in 
this direction each part of the tree will receive the 
most equal portions of light and heat. {Knight on 
the Apple f 74.) 

At the time of planting, trim any broken roots, but 
leave all the others entire. And, as soon as planted, 
let every one be well staked, to support them firmly 
upright, and prevent their being disturbed in rooting 
by winds. Let them also, in future, advance with all 



137 

their branches at full length, and, for the general part, 
take their own natural growth, and they will soon form 
numerous natural spurs in every part for bearing. 

In pruning the apple-tree, and all other standard 
trees, the points of the external branches should be 
everywhere rendered thin, and perv'ious to the light, 
so that the internal parts of the tree may not be 
wholly shaded by the external parts ; the light should 
penetrate deeply into the tree on every side, but not 
anywhere through it. When the pruner has judici- 
ously executed his work, every part of the tree, in- 
ternal as well as external, will be productive of fruit ; 
and the internal part, in unfavourable seasons, will 
rather receive protection than injury from the external 
ones. A tree, thus pruned, will not only produce 
much more fruit, but will also be able to support a 
much heavier load of it, without danger of being 
broken : for any given weight will depress the branch, 
not simply in proportion to its quantity, but in the 
compound proportion of its quantity, and of its hori- 
zontal distance from the point of suspension, by a 
mode of action similar to that of the weight on the 
beam of the steelyard : and hence 150 lbs. suspended 
at one foot distance from the trunk will distress the 
branch which supports it no more than 10 lbs. at 
15 feet distance will do. Every tree, therefore, will 
support a larger weight of fruit, without danger of 
being broken, in proportion as the parts of such weight 
are made to approach nearer to its centre. 



138 

Each variety of the apple has its own peculiar form 
of growth ; and this it will ultimately assume, in a 
considerable degree, in defiance of the art of the 
pruner. Something may nevertheless be done to correct 
whatever is defective. "When the growth of any va- 
riety is weak and reclining, the principal stem should 
be trained to a considerable height before it be allowed 
to produce branches ; and if any of these take hori- 
zontal or pendent direction, they should be regularly 
taken off. One principal leading stem should be en- 
couraged almost to the summit of the tree, to prevent 
a sudden division into two large boughs, of nearly equal 
strength ; for the fork which these form is apt to 
divide and break when the branches are loaded with 
fmit. All efforts to give the heads of young trees a 
round and regularly spreading form, whilst in the 
nursery, will be found injurious to the future stages 
of their growth. Large branches should rarely or 
never be amputated. In the garden culture of the 
apple, where the trees are retained as dwarfs or espa- 
liers, the more vigorously growing kinds are often 
rendered unproductive by the excessive, though neces- 
sary, use of the pruning-knife, Mr. Knight always 
succeeded in making trees of this kind fruitful by 
digging them up, and replacing them, with some fresh 
mould, in the same situation. The too great luxu- 
riance of growth is checked, and a disposition to bear 
is in consequence brought on. {Knight on the Apple, 



139 



If the branches are judiciously reduced in number 
as the tree progresses, no severe pruning will be re- 
quired. Care, of course, must be taken to remove 
any cross-growing, chafing branches ; and if this be 
done whilst they are growing, and the cut is made 
smoothly and close to the trunk, the wound will 
speedily heal over. All dead and broken branches 
should be removed as soon as noticed. 

Some gardeners, however, prefer a more regular 
and systematic course of pruning, and they usually 
adopt the following as detailed by Mr. J. Clarke, gar- 
dener to the Earl of Lonsdale, at Whitehaven Castle, 
Cumberland. The season for pruning, with such, 
commences as soon as the fruit is taken off the trees, 
and may be continued to the middle of March ; dur- 
ing that time cut out all the ill-placed shoots, such 
as incline to grow towards the centre, or into each 
other, and leave untouched all those that stand in 
such a way that the tree will form a cup, or something 
like a well-blown tulip, all the branches standing per- 
fectly clear of each other, so that they will bear as 
much fruit on the inside as on the outside, the sun 
and air getting to all parts of the tree alike. Keep 
them as low as possible ; this may be done by remov- 
ing a limb when it is likely to get over tall, leaving a 
young shoot at a proper place to succeed it, and by 
taking out a fourth or a fifth of the old wood every 
year ; in this way your trees will always have the ap- 



140 



pearance of being under twenty year of age. Having 
finished winter pruning, the next thing to be done is 
the shortening of the last year's wood. This is an 
operation of great importance, so much depending 
upon the nature of the season, as to whether the eyes 
will form wood or fruit spurs ; and even the most ex- 
perienced will sometimes err. To give weakly grow- 
ing tree, shorten to eight or nine inches, that is, leav- 
ing a little more than one half, or just as the eyes may 
be of strength. The middle growth, shorten to 12 
or 14 inches, that is, leaving about two-thirds, or as 
the wood may have a healthy, strong, and well filled 
eye. The luxuriant is a kind of tree very difficult 
to manage in warm droppy seasons, but at all risks 
shorten to about 16 or 17 inches, that is, leaving 
about three-fourths. 

The season to shorten last year's wood is in April, 
and sometimes as late as May. Never shorten until 
the tree begins to grow, that is when the sap has 
begun to fill up the buds at the top of the tree ; this 
is known by the buds becoming crimson, or of a rose 
colour, and a little swelled, always choosing to cut 
above a bud on the outside, placing the back of the 
knife towards the centre of the tree, and cutting up- 
wards in a slanting direction about half an inch 
above the eye. The difference of trees with respect 
to time of breaking their buds is a full fortnight, 
which gives plenty of time for one person to go through 



141 



a large orchard. It will frequently happen that in- 
stead of only the extreme bud breaking into wood, 
three, or sometimes four will break ; in this case, at 
next winter's pruning shorten all such down to two 
eyes, unless there be a branch wanted to fill up a va- 
cancy. Then choose one well placed, and shorten it 
at the same time as the extreme shoot, only a little 
shorter ; my reason for this is, if this and the extreme 
shoot were stopped both of a length, the sap would 
flow more freely to the top of the tree, the buds would 
break there more regularly, and the second shoot 
would only break about two-thirds or three-fourths 
of its length, and leave a portion at the lower end 
naked and unfruitful. 

Mr, Clarke's practice, as here detailed, seems more 
adapted to the kitchen garden than the common or- 
chard, and even there some portions of the practice 
must be received with caution. AVe think that there 
is no necessity for hollowing the tree out in the centre, 
like, as he observes, " a well -formed tulip such 
must be productive of a loss of fruit. Some of the 
very late ripening dessert kinds might possibly be 
benefitted by it in point of flavour, such, for instance, 
as the Nonpareil class. In our experience, however, 
we have always found it best to have two chances of 
fruit ; one from the interior short branches or spurs, 
and the other from the extremes of the principal 
shoots ; which, if not too severely pruned, will gene- 



142 



rally bear on the two-years-old wood. Sometimes 
the frost will destroy all the exposed blossom, and in 
such cases a tolerable crop will not unfrequently be 
preserved in the interior of the tree ; which, although 
not quite equal to the fruit from the extremities of the 
branches, is yet of great service, especially in bad 
apple years. 

We would also urge that by far the best mode of 
checking over-luxuriant trees, is to cut away a portion 
of the extremities of the roots ; if the tree is young, 
it may be taken up and replanted as directed by Mr. 
Knight. 

As to hand-pruning in the young wood, it should 
ever be borne in mind, that such is of no benefit to 
the tree, but must rather be regarded in the light of 
necessity, and for the most part only applicable to the 
dwarf standards or espaliers of the kitchen garden. 
Thinning, therefore, is judicious, and timely thinning 
is the only operation of prime importance as to orchard 
trees. 



DWARF STANDARDS. 

Dwarf standards are the best suited for cultivation 
in the kitchen-garden, as they do not overshadow 
such large surfaces of ground as is done by the full 
standards. The following rules for pruning them 



143 



have been furnished bv Mr. Bliss and Mr. Green- 
shields. The following are Mr. BHss's directions : — 
Suppose your maiden tree has only one or two 
shoots, it is then necessary to cut them down to four 
or five buds, to get a sufficiency of wood to form the 
bottom of the tree. The following season leave about 
five of the most regular shoots, which will be quite 
sufficient, or even four, for they are none the better 
for being crowded with limbs from the stem. Do not 
leave more than six shoots at the outside, but what 
you take out, take out clean. The tree having stood 
two yeais without being headed down, it will throw 
out some young side shoots towards the top of the 
original shoots ; these should be cut off within two 
buds of the bottom, allowing the original shoots to 
grow straight up, till they get to the height you wish 
them, say five or six feet or higher ; then cut their 
tops off and keep all the young shoots spurred in 
every year to about two buds, nearly the same as you 
would a red currant tree ; by this means it will throw 
all those spurs into bloom buds. And by pruning 
away all that superfluous wood, the fruit receives the 
whole strength and nourishment of the tree ; and be- 
sides, by this method you not only throw your trees 
into bearing and produce more fruit, but they have 
the advantage of the sun. When the trees begin to 
get old, you may occasionally leave a clean young 
shoot, and the following year remove an old one, and 



144 



by so doing you will keep your trees in a young, 
healthy, bearing state. Dwarf apples on the small 
paradise stock may, if required, be kept in a much 
less space than those described above ; and by this 
way of pruning, the trees may be, with proper ma- 
nagement, kept perfectly free from the canker. 

Mr. Bhss's directions for the formation of the tree 
are very proper, but we do think that in order to pro- 
duce the neat, compact, and symmetrical espalier of 
the kitchen garden, shortening of the young growth 
must be had recourse to annually, from the period of 
planting. We are perfectly aware that the trees will 
bear earlier and better without such shortening ; but 
the tree will speedily grow lean and naked in the lower 
extremities. If, in consequence of close pruning, the 
roots becomes too powerful for the top, which is gene- 
rally the case, root pruning judiciously managed is a 
certain cure. Mr. B. is rather too sanguine, we doubt, 
as to his mode of pruning being a preventive of can- 
ker. This disease is found on all soils, and under all 
systems of pruning. '\J\Tien a given kind, however 
valuable, shew^s a constant disposition to canker, that 
kind should be given up, and one better adapted to 
the soil substituted. 

Mr. Greenshields, F.H.S., judiciously observes, 
and the direction is apphcable to all pruning, that in 
thinning, cut the old wood off close to the stem or 
branch it was attached to : this prevents young wood 



145 



springing afterwards. When the trees are thinned of 
the old shoots, as above stated, the young side shoots 
are to be spurred in, that is, so shortened, that only 
two or three buds are left on them, and the leading 
top shoots shortened to half their length. 

The following and every succeeding year, the 
trees to be treated in the same manner as respects 
the yoimg wood, till they acquire the desired height, 
when the leading shoots are to be shortened, as the 
side shoots or spurs had been previously. AMien the 
leading shoots show^ an inclination to grow very luxu- 
riantly, which is apt to be the case under this treat » 
ment, they should be prevented doing so, by cutting 
off part of the old wood, along with the young shoot 
immediately above a flower bud. This will prevent 
the shoot so cut from increasing in length. The spurs 
must be treated in a similar manner, by cutting off a 
small portion of the old wood along with the youngs 
where they are getting too long. 

Young trees are to be treated in the following 
manner. If there are more than three shoots on the 
plant, reduce them to that number, and shorten each 
to three, four, or six eyes, according to their strength. 
The following season reduce the number of leading 
shoots to six, and shorten them to three-fourths of 
their length, and spur in the remaining shoots. The 
tree should be managed in every respect in this man- 
ner until it has attained the required size, which of 

L 



146 



course depends on the convenience and fancy of the 
owner, or conductor, of the garden. 

Let the trees take their natural form of growth as 
far as the system described will permit, for Mr. Green- 
shields considers it of little consequence what shape is 
given to the tree, provided every branch is made, as it 
were, a long spur, with bearing-buds from the base to 
the extremity. 

Two or three years' trial of this method only, might 
possibly deter many from a continuance of it, in con- 
sequence of the quantity of young wood which will be 
produced yearly at first, and from the apparent diffi- 
culty of getting rid of the superfluity. But the in- 
convenience will be ultimately surmounted, if the 
foregoing instructions are attended to ; and the conse- 
quence will be, the possession of both healthy and 
fruitful trees. To attempt to bring very old trees 
into this method of management, would be attended 
with difficulty, unless they were cut down short, and 
allowed to make new heads. {Trans. Hort. Soc, vii. 
291.) 

The advice here given by Mr. Greenshields is excel- 
lent, as we have proved for many years ; although 
we had never read Mr. G.'s paper. Under a very 
similar system, we have the best stock of rough espa- 
liers at the present time that we have ever seen in a 
kitchen garden. 

The first and main point with dwarf espaliers, is to 



147 



secure the proper staple of soil — a good and tenacious 
loam. The second point, and one but little inferior 
to the first in point of importance, is to secure the 
bottom against the descent of the roots into the sub- 
soil. When the subsoil is a clean gravel, surmounted 
by a sound loam, it perhaps would not be prejudicial 
to allow them to do so ; but in cold clays, or wet sub- 
soils of a heterogeneous character, bad effects will 
assuredly follow, and the trees will, moreover, have 
a constant tendency to form late, and, of course, im- 
mature growths, such being well-known precursors of 
disease in most fruit-trees. 

The dwarf espalier requires a very moderate quan- 
tity of good soil, pro^dding the staple is a sound and 
rather tenacious loam ; and as such loams are not 
readily obtainable by all parties, we would here point 
rather to the minimum amount under which a fair 
share of success may be obtained ; merely premising 
that the more Uberal the supply of such loam, the 
more permanent will be the success of the tree. When 
the natural soil is pretty sound, or has been long 
under cultivation, and produces good vegetables, little 
indeed of pasture loam will be requisite for the dwarf 
standard. The best criterion of a favourable apple 
soil, is the production of very superior brocoli or 
celery : soil which grows these two crops in high per- 
fection will generally answer well for the apple. One 
thing should have particular attention, and that is. 



14S 



that a young tree should never be planted in soil from 
which an old one has been removed, however good it 
may be. The best plan is to exchange it for some of 
the ordinary soil in the adjacent quarter, which has 

been occupied in vegetable culture : such will be fresh 
to the apple in comparison with the rejected soil. 
From four to six barrowsful of an adhesive loam will 
be sufficient in a case of the kind, blending it well 
with the common soil. Stagnant water must, of 
course, be removed : vdthout this, all other prepara- 
tions will be worthless. 

We invariably place stones, bricks, or cinders beneath 
the soil, rammed down firmly at about twenty inches 
below the ordinary ground level : this we hold indis- 
pensable to a dwarfing system. TMienever, as before 
observed, we find any of them growing too luxuriant, 
we throw out a circular trench, and cut a few of the 
extreme points of the roots away, filUng in the ex- 
cavation with fresh soil from the vegetable ground. 

Root-cutting, however, requires some caution, and 
should be done with moderation. If any doubts exist 
as to the amount to be cut away, it is well to cut one- 
half the circle only ; cutting the other half in the next 
vear, if necessary. The best time to perfonn this ope- 
ration is, we think, the end of October : the trees will 
begin to make new fibres before the period of germi- 
nation, which will save them from pernicious extremes. 

In pruning, we make a point of shortening all the 



149 



young wood a little, if it be only a few inches. This 
induces the development of spurs or side shoots, which 
in their turn, from their base, give rise to spurs. All 
side shoots not wanted are shortened back, or entirely 
removed, in the winter's pruning; and when the princi- 
pal leaders reach beyond the desired height, which 
with us is 12 feet, they are cut back into the two- 
years' wood, in the way described by Mr. Greenshields. 



END OF VOL. I. 



WINCHESTER : 
H. WOOLDRIOGS, F&INTEB, HIGR-STREET. 




' ^ ^ o>' ^' %^ Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 

^ ^ A ^ ^o"^ V / Treatment Date: September 2012 



